[1] [1] Chu W-S, Kim C-S, Lee H-T, Choi J-O, Park J-I, Song J-H, Jang K-H and Ahn S-H 2014 Hybrid manufacturing in micro/nano scale: a review Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. -Green Technol.1 75–92

[2] [2] Huang Z Y, Shao G B and Li L Q 2023 Micro/nano functional devices fabricated by additive manufacturing Prog. Mater. Sci.131 101020

[3] [3] Chivate A and Zhou C 2024 Additive manufacturing of micropatterned functional surfaces: a review Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 042004

[4] [4] Zhang Y R, Chen L, Xie M Z, Zhan Z H, Yang D S, Cheng P, Duan H G, Ge Q and Wang Z L 2022 Ultra-fast programmable human-machine interface enabled by 3D printed degradable conductive hydrogel Mater. Today Phys.27 100794

[5] [5] Wang Z L, Xiong J S, Liao Y B, Xie M Z, Yang D S, Zhang C, Chen Y P and Zou Z G 2023 Bionic Janus membranes to manipulate bubbles underwater for hydrogen evolution reactions Chem. Eng. J.474 145352

[6] [6] Sun Y D, Cui J, Feng S W, Cui J J, Guo Y L, Liang C, Gao W Z, Lu Z, Liu F K and Zhang B 2024 Projection stereolithography 3D printing high-conductive hydrogel for flexible passive wireless sensing Adv. Mater.36 2400103

[7] [7] Zhang W Q, Ye H T, Feng X B, Zhou W Z, Cao K, Li M Y, Fan S F and Lu Y 2022 Tailoring mechanical properties of PμSL 3D-printed structures via size effect Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.4 045201

[8] [8] Ge Q, Li Z Q, Wang Z L, Kowsari K, Zhang W, He X N, Zhou J L and Fang N X 2020 Projection micro stereolithography based 3D printing and its applications Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.2 022004

[9] [9] Duan Q et al 2023 22 nm resolution achieved by femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization of a hyaluronic acid vinyl ester hydrogel ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces15 26472–83

[10] [10] O'Halloran S, Pandit A, Heise A and Kellett A 2023 Two-photon polymerization: fundamentals, materials, and chemical modification strategies Adv. Sci.10 2204072

[11] [11] Abele T, Messer T, Jahnke K, Hippler M, Bastmeyer M, Wegener M and Gpfrich K 2022 Two-photon 3D laser printing inside synthetic cells Adv. Mater.34 2106709

[12] [12] Pearre B W, Michas C, Tsang J-M, Gardner T J and Otchy T M 2019 Fast micron-scale 3D printing with a resonant-scanning two-photon microscope Addit. Manuf.30 100887

[13] [13] Carlotti M and Mattoli V 2019 Functional materials for two-photon polymerization in microfabrication Small15 1902687

[14] [14] Gamba L, Lajoie J A, Sippel T R and Secor E B 2023 Multi-material aerosol jet printing of Al/Cuo nanothermites for versatile fabrication of energetic antennas Adv. Funct. Mater.33 2304060

[15] [15] Gamba L, Johnson Z T, Atterberg J, Diaz-Arauzo S, Downing J R, Claussen J C, Hersam M C and Secor E B 2023 Systematic design of a graphene ink formulation for aerosol jet printing ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces15 3325–35

[16] [16] Jung W et al 2021 Three-dimensional nanoprinting via charged aerosol jets Nature592 54–59

[17] [17] Saleh M S, Hu C S and Panat R 2017 Three-dimensional microarchitected materials and devices using nanoparticle assembly by pointwise spatial printing Sci. Adv.3 e1601986

[18] [18] Streek A, Regenfuss P, Ebert R and Exner H 2008 Laser micro sintering—a quality leap through improvement of powder packing Proc. 19th Annual Int. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symp. (Austin)

[19] [19] Zhang J L, Song B, Wei Q S, Bourell D and Shi Y S 2019 A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: processing, microstructure, property and developing trends J. Mater. Sci. Technol.35 270–84

[20] [20] Nagarajan B, Hu Z H, Song X, Zhai W and Wei J 2019 Development of micro selective laser melting: the state of the art and future perspectives Engineering5 702–20

[21] [21] Galliker P, Schneider J, Eghlidi H, Kress S, Sandoghdar V and Poulikakos D 2012 Direct printing of nanostructures by electrostatic autofocussing of ink nanodroplets Nat. Commun.3 890

[22] [22] Han Y W, Wei C and Dong J Y 2015 Droplet formation and settlement of phase-change ink in high resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 3D printing J. Manuf. Process.20 485–91

[23] [23] Porter B F, Mkhize N and Bhaskaran H 2017 Nanoparticle assembly enabled by EHD-printed monolayers Microsyst. Nanoeng.3 17054

[24] [24] Zhang B, Lee J, Kim M, Lee N, Lee H and Byun D 2020 Direct patterning and spontaneous self-assembly of graphene oxide via electrohydrodynamic jet printing for energy storage and sensing Micromachines11 13

[25] [25] Cai S X, Sun Y L, Wang Z, Yang W G, Li X Y and Yu H B 2021 Mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications of electrohydrodynamic jet printing Nanotechnol. Rev.10 1046–78

[26] [26] Sun C, Fang N, Wu D M and Zhang X 2005 Projection micro-stereolithography using digital micro-mirror dynamic mask Sens. Actuators A 121 113–20

[27] [27] Zheng Q Y, Xie B, Xu Z L and Wu H 2023 A systematic printability study of direct ink writing towards high-resolution rapid manufacturing Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 035002

[28] [28] Bai L et al 2024 Coaxial electrohydrodynamic printing of core–shell microfibrous scaffolds with layer-specific growth factors release for enthesis regeneration Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 055003

[29] [29] Zhang G M et al 2023 Electric-field-driven printed 3D highly ordered microstructure with cell feature size promotes the maturation of engineered cardiac tissues Adv. Sci.10 2206264

[30] [30] Wu Y 2021 Electrohydrodynamic jet 3D printing in biomedical applications Acta Biomater.128 21–41

[31] [31] Choe Y E and Kim G H 2020 A PCL/cellulose coil-shaped scaffold via a modified electrohydrodynamic jetting process Virtual Phys. Prototyp.15 403–16

[32] [32] Vijayavenkataraman S, Thaharah S, Zhang S, Lu W F and Fuh J Y H 2019 Electrohydrodynamic jet 3D-printed PCL/PAA conductive scaffolds with tunable biodegradability as nerve guide conduits (NGCs) for peripheral nerve injury repair Mater. Des.162 171–84

[33] [33] Meng Z J, Mu X D, He J K, Zhang J, Ling R and Li D C 2023 Embedding aligned nanofibrous architectures within 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffolds for directed cellular infiltration and tissue regeneration Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 025001

[34] [34] Song J, Lv B H, Chen W C, Ding P and He Y 2023 Advances in 3D printing scaffolds for peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury repair Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 032008

[35] [35] Zhu H, Yao C, Wei B Y, Xu C Y, Huang X X, Liu Y, He J K, Zhang J N and Li D C 2023 3D printing of functional bioengineered constructs for neural regeneration: a review Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 042004

[36] [36] Chen Y H et al 2024 Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of three-dimensional perovskite nanocrystal arrays for full-color micro-LED displays ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces16 24908–19

[37] [37] Yang X et al 2024 Dual-ligand red perovskite ink for electrohydrodynamic printing color conversion arrays over 2540 dpi in near-eye micro-LED display Nano Lett.24 3661–9

[38] [38] Yin Z P, Wang D Z, Guo Y L, Zhao Z Y, Li L Q, Chen W and Duan Y Q 2024 Electrohydrodynamic printing for high resolution patterning of flexible electronics toward industrial applications InfoMat6 e12505

[39] [39] Zheng X R, Hu M S, Liu Y X, Zhang J, Li X X, Li X M and Yang H 2022 High-resolution flexible electronic devices by electrohydrodynamic jet printing: from materials toward applications Sci. China Mater.65 2089–109

[40] [40] Ma S H, Dahiya A S and Dahiya R 2023 Out-of-plane electronics on flexible substrates using inorganic nanowires grown on high-aspect-ratio printed gold micropillars Adv. Mater.35 2210711

[41] [41] Zhou H H and Song Y L 2022 Fabrication of electronics by electrohydrodynamic jet printing Adv. Electron. Mater.8 2200728

[42] [42] Lee K-H, Lee S-S, Ahn D B, Lee J, Byun D and Lee S-Y 2020 Ultrahigh areal number density solid-state on-chip microsupercapacitors via electrohydrodynamic jet printing Sci. Adv.6 eaaz1692

[43] [43] Zhang H C et al 2023 Recent advances in nanofiber-based flexible transparent electrodes Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 032005

[44] [44] Li J M, Li Y X, Li S H and Guan Y F 2024 In situ preparation of SnO2/Pd@TiO2 bilayer sensor for highly sensitive and fast detection of H2S based on electrohydrodynamic jet printing Sens. Actuators B 409 135591

[45] [45] Cheng E et al 2023 A triboelectric nanogenerator coupled with internal and external friction for gesture recognition based on EHD printing technology Nano Energy110 108357

[46] [46] Chen J, Wu T, Zhang L B, Tang C L, Song H J, Huang F L and Zuo C C 2022 Flexible ionic-gel strain sensor with double network, high conductivity and high frost-resistance using electrohydrodynamic printing method Addit. Manuf.58 103021

[47] [47] Wang Q L, Zhang G N, Zhang H Y, Duan Y Q, Yin Z P and Huang Y A 2021 High-resolution, flexible, and full-color perovskite image photodetector via electrohydrodynamic printing of ionic-liquid-based ink Adv. Funct. Mater.31 2100857

[48] [48] Almekinders J C and Jones C 1999 Multiple jet electrohydrodynamic spraying and applications J. Aerosol. Sci.30 969–71

[49] [49] Gao Z Q, Yin J, Liu P, Li Q, Zhang R N, Yang H Y and Zhou H Z 2023 Simultaneous multi-material embedded printing for 3D heterogeneous structures Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 035001

[50] [50] Chen Y W et al 2024 3D printed grafts with gradient structures for organized vascular regeneration Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 035503

[51] [51] Duan Y Q, Xie W S, Yin Z P and Huang Y A 2024 Multi-material 3D nanoprinting for structures to functional micro/nanosystems Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 063001

[52] [52] Dong X F, Zhang J Y, Pang L, Chen J T, Qi M, You S J and Ren N Q 2019 An anisotropic three-dimensional electrospun micro/nanofibrous hybrid PLA/PCL scaffold RSC Adv.9 9838–44

[53] [53] Lim J, Jun I, Lee Y B, Kim E M, Shin D, Jeon H, Park H and Shin H 2016 Fabrication of cell sheets with anisotropically aligned myotubes using thermally expandable micropatterned hydrogels Macromol. Res.24 562–72

[54] [54] Feng Z-Q, Yan K, Li J C, Xu X R, Yuan T, Wang T and Zheng J 2019 Magnetic Janus particles as a multifunctional drug delivery system for paclitaxel in efficient cancer treatment Mater. Sci. Eng. C 104 110001

[55] [55] Quevedo D F et al 2020 Multifunctional synthetic protein nanoparticles via reactive electrojetting Macromol. Rapid Commun.41 2000425

[56] [56] Gil M, Moon S, Yoon J, Rhamani S, Shin J-W, Lee K J and Lahann J 2018 Compartmentalized microhelices prepared via electrohydrodynamic cojetting Adv. Sci.5 1800024

[57] [57] Xu J, Wong D H C, Byrne J D, Chen K, Bowerman C and DeSimone J M 2013 Future of the particle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) technology Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.52 6580–9

[58] [58] Zhang H, Nunes J K, Gratton S E A, Herlihy K P, Pohlhaus P D and DeSimone J M 2009 Fabrication of multiphasic and regio-specifically functionalized PRINT® particles of controlled size and shape New J. Phys.11 075018

[59] [59] Xia M, Go E M, Choi K H, Lim J H, Park B, Yu T, Im S H, Kwak S K and Park B J 2018 One-step production of highly anisotropic particles via a microfluidic method J. Ind. Eng. Chem.64 328–36

[60] [60] Cheng J X, Yu S Y, Wang R and Ge Q 2024 Digital light processing based multimaterial 3D printing: challenges, solutions and perspectives Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 042006

[61] [61] Wang H Y et al 2024 Polar-coordinate line-projection light-curing continuous 3D printing for tubular structures Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 045004

[62] [62] Shah R K, Kim J-W and Weitz D A 2009 Janus supraparticles by induced phase separation of nanoparticles in droplets Adv. Mater.21 1949–53

[63] [63] El-Sayed H, Vineis C, Varesano A, Mowafi S, Carletto R A, Tonetti C and Taleb M A 2019 A critique on multi-jet electrospinning: state of the art and future outlook Nanotechnol. Rev.8 236–45

[64] [64] SalehHudin H S, Mohamad E N, Mahadi W N L and Afifi A M 2018 Multiple-jet electrospinning methods for nanofiber processing: a review Mater. Manuf. Process.33 479–98

[65] [65] Sun D H, Chang C, Li S and Lin L W 2006 Near-field electrospinning Nano Lett.6 839–42

[66] [66] Wang Z F, Chen X D, Zeng J, Liang F, Wu P X and Wang H 2017 Controllable deposition distance of aligned pattern via dual-nozzle near-field electrospinning AIP Adv.7 035310

[67] [67] Zhang J R et al 2019 Influence and evaluation of array-nozzle geometry on near-field electrospinning direct writing J. Eng. Fibers Fabr.14 155892501989564

[68] [68] Tian L, Zhao C C, Li J and Pan Z J 2015 Multi-needle, electrospun, nanofiber filaments: effects of the needle arrangement on the nanofiber alignment degree and electrostatic field distribution Text. Res. J.85 621–31

[69] [69] Beaudoin J, Kubaski M M, Samara M, Zednik R J and Demarquette N R 2022 Scaled-up multi-needle electrospinning process using parallel plate auxiliary electrodes Nanomaterials12 1356

[70] [70] SalehHudin H S, Mohamad E N, Mahadi W N L and Afifi A M 2021 Simulation and experimental study of parameters in multiple-nozzle electrospinning: effects of nozzle arrangement on jet paths and fiber formation J. Manuf. Process.62 440–9

[71] [71] Zheng G F, Jiang J X, Wang X, Li W W, Liu J, Fu G and Lin L W 2020 Nanofiber membranes by multi-jet electrospinning arranged as arc-array with sheath gas for electrodialysis applications Mater. Des.189 108504

[72] [72] Garca-Lpez E, Olvera-Trejo D and Velsquez-Garca L F 2017 3D printed multiplexed electrospinning sources for large-scale production of aligned nanofiber mats with small diameter spread Nanotechnology28 425302

[73] [73] Duan Y Q, Yang W L, Xiao J J, Gao J X, Wei L, Huang Y A and Yin Z P 2022 High density, addressable electrohydrodynamic printhead made of a silicon plate and polymer nozzle structure Lab Chip22 3877–84

[74] [74] Lhernould M S and Lambert P 2011 Compact polymer multi-nozzles electrospray device with integrated microfluidic feeding system J. Electrostat.69 313–9

[75] [75] Zhu M H et al 2019 Electrohydrodynamically printed high-resolution full-color hybrid perovskites Adv. Funct. Mater.29 1903294

[76] [76] Hong S, Na J W, Lee I S, Kim H T, Kang B H, Chung J and Kim H J 2020 Simultaneously defined semiconducting channel layer using electrohydrodynamic jet printing of a passivation layer for oxide thin-film transistors ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces12 39705–12

[77] [77] Huang Y A, Ding Y J, Bian J, Su Y W, Zhou J, Duan Y Q and Yin Z P 2017 Hyper-stretchable self-powered sensors based on electrohydrodynamically printed, self-similar piezoelectric nano/microfibers Nano Energy40 432–9

[78] [78] Barton K, Mishra S, Shorter K A, Alleyne A, Ferreira P and Rogers J 2010 A desktop electrohydrodynamic jet printing system Mechatronics20 611–6

[79] [79] Wang Z F, Chen X D, Zhang J R, Lin Y-J, Li K, Zeng J, Wu P X, He Y B, Li Y and Wang H 2018 Fabrication and evaluation of controllable deposition distance for aligned pattern by multi-nozzle near-field electrospinning AIP Adv.8 075111

[80] [80] Tran S B Q, Byun D, Nguyen V D, Yudistira H T, Yu M J, Lee K H and Kim J U 2010 Polymer-based electrospray device with multiple nozzles to minimize end effect phenomenon J. Electrostat.68 138–44

[81] [81] Xu G J et al 2019 Accurate fabrication of aligned nanofibers via a double-nozzle near-field electrospinning Therm. Sci.23 2143–50

[82] [82] Wan Y-Q, Guo Q and Pan N 2004 Thermo-electro-hydrodynamic model for electrospinning process Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.5 5–8

[83] [83] Han W, Minhao L, Xin C, Junwei Z, Xindu C and Ziming Z M 2015 Study of deposition characteristics of multi-nozzle near-field electrospinning in electric field crossover interference conditions AIP Adv.5 041302

[84] [84] Kumar A, Wei M, Barry C, Chen J and Mead J 2010 Controlling fiber repulsion in multijet electrospinning for higher throughput Macromol. Mater. Eng.295 701–8

[85] [85] Wang H, Li M H, Huang S N, Zheng J W, Chen X, Chen X D and Zhu Z M 2015 Deposition characteristics of the double nozzles near-field electrospinning Appl. Phys. A 118 621–8

[86] [86] Jin J H, Yeom S H, Lee H J, Choi C K and Lee S H 2023 The effect of nozzle spacing on the electric field and fiber size distribution in a multi-nozzle electrospinning system J. Appl. Polym. Sci.140 e53764

[87] [87] Choi K-H, Khan A, Rahman K, Doh Y-H, Kim D-S and Kwan K-R 2011 Effects of nozzles array configuration on cross-talk in multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing head J. Electrostat.69 380–7

[88] [88] Kong C-S, Lee T-H, Lee K-H and Kim H-S 2009 Interference between the charged jets in electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol J. Macromol. Sci. B 48 77–91

[89] [89] Kumar V, Srivastava A, Shanbhogue K M, Ingersol S and Sen A K 2018 Electrospray performance of interacting multi-capillary emitters in a linear array J. Micromech. Microeng.28 035005

[90] [90] SalehHudin H S, Mohamad E N, Afifi A M and Mahadi W N L W 2023 Simulation and experimental study of parameters in multiple-nozzle electrospinning: effects of voltage and nozzle configuration on the electric field and electrospun jet attributes J. Manuf. Process.85 544–55

[91] [91] Mo X M, Xu C Y, Kotaki M and Ramakrishna S 2004 Electrospun P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a biomimetic extracellular matrix for smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation Biomaterials25 1883–90

[92] [92] Shin Y M, Hohman M M, Brenner M P and Rutledge G C 2001 Experimental characterization of electrospinning: the electrically forced jet and instabilities Polymer42 09955–67

[93] [93] Lee J S, Choi K H, Ghim H D, Kim S S, Chun D H, Kim H Y and Lyoo W S 2004 Role of molecular weight of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the structure and properties of PVA nanofabric prepared by electrospinning J. Appl. Polym. Sci.93 1638–46

[94] [94] Zhao S L, Wu X H, Wang L G and Huang Y 2004 Electrospinning of ethyl-cyanoethyl cellulose/tetrahydrofuran solutions J. Appl. Polym. Sci.91 242–6

[95] [95] Angammana C J and Jayaram S H 2011 The effects of electric field on the multijet electrospinning process and fiber morphology IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.47 1028–35

[96] [96] Tian L, Li J and Pan Z J 2013 The spinning state and nanofiber orientation of the yarn produced by a novel multi-needles electrospinning Adv. Mater. Res.796 306–10

[97] [97] Sochorakis N, Grifoll J and Rosell-Llompart J 2019 Scaling up of extractor-free electrosprays in linear arrays Chem. Eng. Sci.195 281–98

[98] [98] Yang E L, Shi J J and Xue Y 2010 Influence of electric field interference on double nozzles electrospinning J. Appl. Polym. Sci.116 3688–92

[99] [99] Theron S A, Yarin A L, Zussman E and Kroll E 2005 Multiple jets in electrospinning: experiment and modeling Polymer46 2889–99

[100] [100] Regele J D, Papac M J, Rickard M J A and Dunn-Rankin D 2002 Effects of capillary spacing on EHD spraying from an array of cone jets J. Aerosol. Sci.33 1471–9

[101] [101] Si B Q T, Byun D and Lee S 2007 Experimental and theoretical study of a cone-jet for an electrospray microthruster considering the interference effect in an array of nozzles J. Aerosol. Sci.38 924–34

[102] [102] Park B, Hong J H and Kim H 2012 Spinline behavior and web morphology in multi-nozzle electrospinning of PAN/DMF solution Fibers Polym.13 850–4

[103] [103] Lee S-H, Nguyen X H and Ko H S 2012 Study on droplet formation with surface tension for electrohydrodynamic inkjet nozzle J. Mech. Sci. Technol.26 1403–8

[104] [104] Heikkil P and Harlin A 2008 Parameter study of electrospinning of polyamide-6 Eur. Polym. J.44 3067–79

[105] [105] An S, Lee M W, Kim N Y, Lee C, Al-Deyab S S, James S C and Yoon S S 2014 Effect of viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension on direct-current-pulsed drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic printing frequency Appl. Phys. Lett.105 214102

[106] [106] Choi K-H, Rahman K, Khan A and Kim D-S 2011 Cross-talk effect in electrostatic based capillary array nozzles J. Mech. Sci. Technol.25 3053–62

[107] [107] Zhang C C, Gao C C, Chang M-W, Ahmad Z and Li J-S 2016 Continuous micron-scaled rope engineering using a rotating multi-nozzle electrospinning emitter Appl. Phys. Lett.109 151903

[108] [108] Al-Mezrakchi R Y H and Naraghi M 2018 Interfused nanofibres network in scalable manufacturing of polymeric fibres via multi-nozzle electrospinning Micro Nano Lett.13 536–40

[109] [109] Varesano A, Rombaldoni F, Mazzuchetti G, Tonin C and Comotto R 2010 Multi-jet nozzle electrospinning on textile substrates: observations on process and nanofibre mat deposition Polym. Int.59 1606–15

[110] [110] Chen R X, Wu Y K, Fan J, Wang L, Su Z B, Qin L M, Liang L B, Li Y T, Cheng J H and Liu Y 2019 Numerical approach to controlling a moving jet's vibration in an electrospinning system: an auxiliary electrode and uniform electric field J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control38 1687–98

[111] [111] Zhu Z M et al 2019 Optimization of electric field uniformity of multi-needle electrospinning nozzle AIP Adv.9 105104

[112] [112] Peng L, Pan Y Q, Wang Z, Feng Y D and Liu Z H 2022 Design and evaluation of a linear nozzle array with double auxiliary electrodes for restraining cross-talk effect in parallel electrohydrodynamic jet printing J. Micromech. Microeng.32 105009

[113] [113] Zheng J Y, Zhou C Y, Zhang Z H, Pan Y B, Kang G Y, Jiang J X, Liu J and Zheng G F 2020 Highly efficient air-assisted multi-jet electrospinning with curved arranged spinnerets AIP Adv.10 025307

[114] [114] Zheng G F, Jiang J X, Chen D Y, Liu J, Liu Y F, Zheng J Y, Wang X and Li W W 2019 Multinozzle high efficiency electrospinning with the constraint of sheath gas J. Appl. Polym. Sci.136 47574

[115] [115] Xie S and Zeng Y C 2012 Effects of electric field on multineedle electrospinning: experiment and simulation study Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.51 5336–45

[116] [116] Yang Y, Jia Z D, Li Q, Hou L, Liu J N, Wang L M, Guan Z C and Zahn M 2010 A shield ring enhanced equilateral hexagon distributed multi-needle electrospinning spinneret IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.17 1592–601

[117] [117] Varesano A, Carletto R A and Mazzuchetti G 2009 Experimental investigations on the multi-jet electrospinning process J. Mater. Process. Technol.209 5178–85

[118] [118] Parhizkar M, Reardon P J T, Knowles J C, Browning R J, Stride E, Pedley R B, Grego T and Edirisinghe M 2017 Performance of novel high throughput multi electrospray systems for forming of polymeric micro/nanoparticles Mater. Des.126 73–84

[119] [119] Zheng Y S and Zeng Y C 2014 Jet repulsion in multi-jet electrospinning systems: from needle to needleless Adv. Mater. Res.852 624–8

[120] [120] Moon S, Jones M S, Seo E, Lee J, Lahann L, Jordahl J H, Lee K J and Lahann J 2021 3D jet writing of mechanically actuated tandem scaffolds Sci. Adv.7 eabf5289

[121] [121] Zheng Y S, Gong R H and Zeng Y C 2015 Multijet motion and deviation in electrospinning RSC Adv.5 48533–40

[122] [122] Zheng Y S and Zeng Y C 2014 Electric field analysis of spinneret design for multihole electrospinning system J. Mater. Sci.49 1964–72

[123] [123] Zheng Y S, Zhuang C M, Gong R H and Zeng Y C 2014 Electric field design for multijet electropsinning with uniform electric field Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.53 14876–84

[124] [124] Zhu Z M et al 2018 Uniform electric field enabled multi-needles electrospinning head based on trapezoid arrangement AIP Adv.8 085126

[125] [125] Yu Z J, Lin Y H, Huang W W, Zhuang M F, Hong Y Q, Zheng G F and Sun D H 2014 Multi spinnerets electrospinning with assistant sheath gas The 9th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS) (IEEE) pp 64–67

[126] [126] Yan W-C, Tong Y W and Wang C-H 2017 Coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization toward large scale production of core-shell structured microparticles AIChE J.63 5303–19

[127] [127] Kim G H, Cho Y-S and Kim W D 2006 Stability analysis for multi-jets electrospinning process modified with a cylindrical electrode Eur. Polym. J.42 2031–8

[128] [128] Pan Y Q, Huang Y A, Guo L, Ding Y J and Yin Z P 2015 Addressable multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic jet printing with high consistency by multi-level voltage method AIP Adv.5 047108

[129] [129] Zhu Z M et al 2019 A new circular spinneret system for electrospinning numerical approach and electric field optimization Therm. Sci.23 2229–35

[130] [130] Jiang J X, Zheng G F, Wang X, Li W W, Kang G Y, Chen H T, Guo S M and Liu J 2020 Arced multi-nozzle electrospinning spinneret for high-throughput production of nanofibers Micromachines11 27

[131] [131] Yang W L, Duan Y Q, Gao J X and Yin Z P 2023 Crosstalk elimination for large-scale, high-density electrohydrodynamic printing via optimization of nozzle material and structure Addit. Manuf.77 103815

[132] [132] Liu Y B and Guo L L 2013 Homogeneous field intensity control during multi-needle electrospinning via finite element analysis and simulation J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.13 843–7

[133] [133] Zhou F-L, Gong R-H and Porat I 2010 Needle and needleless electrospinning for nanofibers J. Appl. Polym. Sci.115 2591–8

[134] [134] Zheng Y S, Xie S and Zeng Y C 2013 Electric field distribution and jet motion in electrospinning process: from needle to hole J. Mater. Sci.48 6647–55

[135] [135] Zheng Y S, Liu X K and Zeng Y C 2013 Electrospun nanofibers from a multihole spinneret with uniform electric field J. Appl. Polym. Sci.130 3221–8

[136] [136] Khan A, Rahman K, Ali S, Khan S, Wang B and Bermak A 2021 Fabrication of circuits by multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing for soft wearable electronics J. Mater. Res.36 3568–78

[137] [137] Wang X, Niu H T, Lin T and Wang X G 2009 Needleless electrospinning of nanofibers with a conical wire coil Polym. Eng. Sci.49 1582–6

[138] [138] Wang B, Yao Y Y, Peng J R, Lin Y, Liu W L, Luo Y, Xiang R L, Li R X and Wu D C 2009 Preparation of poly(ester imide) ultrafine fibers by gas-jet/electrospinning J. Appl. Polym. Sci.114 883–91

[139] [139] Zhao Y, Jiang J X, Li W W, Wang X, Zhang K, Zhu P and Zheng G F 2016 Electrospinning jet behaviors under the constraints of a sheath gas AIP Adv.6 115022

[140] [140] Wojasiski M, Goawski J and Ciach T 2017 Blow-assisted multi-jet electrospinning of poly-L-lactic acid nanofibers J. Polym. Res.24 76

[141] [141] Hou J Q, Zhang G M, Yv Z H, Li Y, Ma L X, Han Z F, Shi K, Guo C X and Lan H B 2024 Method and laws of high-efficient micro-scale 3D printing with multi-nozzle driven by electric field of flat plate electrodes J. Mech. Eng.60 310–20

[142] [142] Li L R, Yang W W, Zhao X Y and Deng W W 2020 Multiplexed electrospray emitters fabricated by rapid laser micromachining J. Aerosol Sci.150 105616

[143] [143] Krpoun R and Shea H R 2008 A method to determine the onset voltage of single and arrays of electrospray emitters J. Appl. Phys.104 064511

[144] [144] Lojewski B, Yang W W, Duan H X, Xu C Y and Deng W W 2013 Design, fabrication, and characterization of linear multiplexed electrospray atomizers micro-machined from metal and polymers Aerosol Sci Technol.47 146–52

[145] [145] Olvera-Trejo D and Velsquez-Garca L F 2016 Additively manufactured MEMS multiplexed coaxial electrospray sources for high-throughput, uniform generation of core–shell microparticles Lab Chip16 4121–32

[146] [146] Pan Y Q, Huang Y A, Bu N B and Yin Z P 2013 Fabrication of Si-nozzles for parallel mechano-electrospinning direct writing J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.46 255301

[147] [147] Khan A, Rahman K, Hyun M-T, Kim D-S and Choi K-H 2011 Multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of silver colloidal solution for the fabrication of electrically functional microstructures Appl. Phys. A 104 1113–20

[148] [148] Khan A, Rahman K, Kim D S and Choi K H 2012 Direct printing of copper conductive micro-tracks by multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing process J. Mater. Process. Technol.212 700–6

[149] [149] Takagi M F 2013 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing: Advancements in Manufacturing Applications (University of Illinois at Urbana)

[150] [150] Deng W W, Klemic J F, Li X H, Reed M A and Gomez A 2006 Increase of electrospray throughput using multiplexed microfabricated sources for the scalable generation of monodisperse droplets J. Aerosol Sci.37 696–714

[151] [151] Wang L, Stevens R, Malik A, Rockett P, Paine M, Adkin P, Martyn S, Smith K, Stark J and Dobson P 2007 High-aspect-ratio silica nozzle fabrication for nano-emitter electrospray applications Microelectron. Eng.84 1190–3

[152] [152] Mukhopadhyay D and Ferreira P M 2007 Exploiting differential etch rates to fabricate large-scale nozzle arrays with protudent geometry J. Micromech. Microeng.17 923–30

[153] [153] Lee J-S, Kim S-Y, Kim Y-J, Park J, Kim Y, Hwang J and Kim Y-J 2008 Design and evaluation of a silicon based multi-nozzle for addressable jetting using a controlled flow rate in electrohydrodynamic jet printing Appl. Phys. Lett.93 243114

[154] [154] De Leon P J P, Hill F A, Heubel E V and Velsquez-Garca L F 2015 Parallel nanomanufacturing via electrohydrodynamic jetting from microfabricated externally-fed emitter arrays Nanotechnology26 225301

[155] [155] Lee S, Byun D, Jung D, Choi J, Kim Y, Yang J H, Son S U, Tran S B Q and Ko H S 2008 Pole-type ground electrode in nozzle for electrostatic field induced drop-on-demand inkjet head Sens. Actuators A 141 506–14

[156] [156] Lee J S, Kim Y J, Kang B G, Kim S Y, Park J, Hwang J and Kim Y J 2009 Electrohydrodynamic jet printing capable of removing substrate effects and modulating printing characteristics 2009 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (IEEE) pp 487–90

[157] [157] Yang W L, Duan Y Q, Gao J X, Li H Y, Huang Y A and Yin Z P 2022 Addressable electrohydrodynamic jetting via tuning the potential drop of liquid within the printhead Phys. Fluids34 092005

[158] [158] Loscertales I G, Barrero A, Guerrero I, Cortijo R, Marquez M and Gaa-Calvo A M 2002 Micro/nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets Science295 1695–8

[159] [159] Zhu M H, Liu W W, Ke W J, Xie L S, Dong P and Hao F 2019 Graphene-modified tin dioxide for efficient planar perovskite solar cells with enhanced electron extraction and reduced hysteresis ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces11 666–73

[160] [160] Krebs F C 2009 Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells93 394–412

[161] [161] Liu Y, Li F S, Qiu L C, Yang K Y, Li Q Q, Zheng X, Hu H L, Guo T L, Wu C X and Kim T W 2019 Fluorescent microarrays of in situ crystallized perovskite nanocomposites fabricated for patterned applications by using inkjet printing ACS Nano13 2042–9

[162] [162] Dziemidowicz K et al 2021 Electrospinning for healthcare: recent advancements J. Mater. Chem. B 9 939–51

[163] [163] Yan X, Yu M, Ramakrishna S, Russell S J and Long Y-Z 2019 Advances in portable electrospinning devices for in situ delivery of personalized wound care Nanoscale11 19166–78

[164] [164] Almera B, Fahmy T M and Gomez A 2011 A multiplexed electrospray process for single-step synthesis of stabilized polymer particles for drug delivery J. Control. Release154 203–10

[165] [165] Lyu C X, Zhao P, Xie J, Dong S Y, Liu J W, Rao C C and Fu J Z 2021 Electrospinning of nanofibrous membrane and its applications in air filtration: a review Nanomaterials11 1501

[166] [166] Chen M J, Lee H, Yang J, Xu Z Y, Huang N, Chan B P and Kim J T 2020 Parallel, multi-material electrohydrodynamic 3D nanoprinting Small16 1906402

[167] [167] Dou Y B, Zhang W J and Kaiser A 2020 Electrospinning of metal–organic frameworks for energy and environmental applications Adv. Sci.7 1902590

[168] [168] Liu Q, Zhu J H, Zhang L W and Qiu Y J 2018 Recent advances in energy materials by electrospinning Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.81 1825–58

[169] [169] Rosenberger A G, Dragunski D C, Muniz E C, Mdenes A N, Alves H J, Tarley C R T, Machado S A S and Caetano J 2020 Electrospinning in the preparation of an electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotubes J. Mol. Liq.298 112068

[170] [170] Liyanage A A H, Biswas P K, Dalir H and Agarwal M 2023 Engineering uniformity in mass production of MWCNTs/epoxy nanofibers using a lateral belt-driven multi-nozzle electrospinning technique to enhance the mechanical properties of CFRPs Polym. Test.118 107883

[171] [171] Tang J, Wu Y T, Ma S D, Yan T and Pan Z J 2022 Flexible strain sensor based on CNT/TPU composite nanofiber yarn for smart sports bandage Composites B 232 109605

[172] [172] Almera B, Deng W W, Fahmy T M and Gomez A 2010 Controlling the morphology of electrospray-generated PLGA microparticles for drug delivery J. Colloid Interface Sci.343 125–33

[173] [173] Mosa M A, Bang J, Jo J Y, Lee J-S and Kwon K-S 2023 Continuous ink supply and circulation system for a multi-nozzle electrospray Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.62 SE1001

[174] [174] Chaaban J 2021 On Droplet Microfluidics and Security Feature Microfabrication with Scalable Electrohydrodynamic Nanoprinting (ETH Zurich)

[175] [175] Khan A, Ali S, Khan S and Bermak A Rapid fabrication of soft strain sensors by multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing for wearable electronics 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE) pp 1–4

[176] [176] Diaz R S, De-Juan-Pardo E M, Dalton P D and Dargaville T R 2023 Semi-woven structures via dual nozzle melt electrowriting Macromol. Mater. Eng.308 2200526

[177] [177] Lee J, Moon S, Han Y B, Yang S J, Lahann J and Lee K J 2022 Facile fabrication of anisotropic multicompartmental microfibers using charge reversal electrohydrodynamic co-jetting Macromol. Rapid Commun.43 2100560

[178] [178] Hu T X, Shen X, Peng L Q, Liu Y Z, Wang X, Ma H S, Zhang P and Zhao J B 2021 Preparation of single-ion conductor solid polymer electrolyte by multi-nozzle electrospinning process for lithium-ion batteries J. Phys. Chem. Solids158 110229

[179] [179] Scaffaro R, Lopresti F and Botta L 2017 Preparation, characterization and hydrolytic degradation of PLA/PCL co-mingled nanofibrous mats prepared via dual-jet electrospinning Eur. Polym. J.96 266–77

[180] [180] Lee E-J, An A K, Hadi P, Lee S, Woo Y C and Shon H K 2017 Advanced multi-nozzle electrospun functionalized titanium dioxide/polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (TiO2/PVDF-HFP) composite membranes for direct contact membrane distillation J. Membr. Sci.524 712–20

[181] [181] Robinson T M, Hutmacher D W and Dalton P D 2019 The next frontier in melt electrospinning: taming the jet Adv. Funct. Mater.29 1904664

[182] [182] Skylar-Scott M A, Mueller J, Visser C W and Lewis J A 2019 Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing Nature575 330–5

[183] [183] Wang F J, Elbadawi M, Tsilova S L, Gaisford S, Basit A W and Parhizkar M 2022 Machine learning to empower electrohydrodynamic processing Mater. Sci. Eng. C 132 112553

[184] [184] Gao W Q, Jiang J X, Wang X, Li W W and Zheng G F 2023 State recognition of multi-nozzle electrospinning based on image processing Micromachines14 529

[185] [185] Yang X, Jiang X Y, Yin Z F, Chen K, Cheng E, Zou H L and Wang D F. 2019 An economic and concise method to solve nozzle clogging issue during electro hydrodynamic printing Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 33 1950260