Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 55, Issue 11, 112001(2018)
Multi-Static Sky-Wave Over-the-Horizon Radar Location Model Based on Improved Dragonfly Algorithm
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Fig. 2. Target location model implementation flow chart of multi-static sky-wave over-the-horizon radar based on LACMODA-ELM
Fig. 3. Influence of the number of hidden layer nodes on the locating error of ELM
Fig. 4. Prediction error of neural network. (a) Prediction error of three neural networks; (b) prediction error from ELM neural network optimized by different algorithms
Fig. 5. Longitude and latitude predicted by ELM optimized by different algorithms. (a) Longitude prediction; (b) latitude prediction
Table 1. Benchmark function
View tableTable 1. Benchmark function
No. Function name Dimension Search scope Optimal value Peak f 1Step 10 [-100,100] 0 Unimodal f 2Quartic 10 [-1.28,1.28] 0 Unimodal f 3Rastrigin 10 [-5.12,5.12] 0 Multimodal f 4Ackley 10 [-32,32] 0 Multimodal
Table 2. Simulation results of improved DA
View tableTable 2. Simulation results of improved DA
Function Algorithm Optimal value Worst value Average value Standard deviation f 1PSO 1.0115 1.2092×104 4.1767×103 4.5314×103 DA 0.0309 1.4434×104 347.4895 1.6229×103 LACMODA 2.0781×10-26 0.1107 0.0064 0.0237 f 2PSO 0.0084 1.1167 0.0229 0.0856 DA 0.0380 8.1144 0.2746 1.2505 LACMODA 1.1679×10-4 0.0182 0.0015 0.0022 f 3PSO 19.8995 107.2528 23.6501 13.8974 DA 7.2221 91.2835 14.3237 18.0229 LACMODA 0 3.1857 0.0599 0.2826 f 4PSO 4.9902 19.4590 7.4746 4.6434 DA 2.5799 19.7779 3.9696 3.7016 LACMODA 0.0027 1.2011 0.0663 0.1356
Table 3. Error comparison based on different neural network prediction methods
View tableTable 3. Error comparison based on different neural network prediction methods
Neural Network Longitude A E /(°)Latitude A E /(°)M APE /(°) Distance error /km BP 0.788 0.424 0.224 99.91 RBF 1.469 0.364 0.271 167.77 ELM 0.176 0.107 0.040 22.53
Table 4. Error comparison of ELM prediction methods based on different optimization algorithms
View tableTable 4. Error comparison of ELM prediction methods based on different optimization algorithms
Optimization algorithm Longitude A E /(°)Latitude A E /(°)M APE /(°)Distance error /km PSO-ELM 0.134 0.031 0.023 15.20 DA-ELM 0.125 0.021 0.018 13.90 LACMODA-ELM 0.018 0.017 0.008 2.71
Table 5. Comparison of errors in different positioning methods
View tableTable 5. Comparison of errors in different positioning methods
Positioning method Distance error /km Ray tracing technology 17.2 Hybrid sky-surface wave propagation mode 9 Coordinate registration and multipath data correction 2.75 LACMODA-ELM positioning model 2.71
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Ping Song, Yian Liu. Multi-Static Sky-Wave Over-the-Horizon Radar Location Model Based on Improved Dragonfly Algorithm[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(11): 112001
Paper Information
Category: Optics in Computing
Received: Apr. 2, 2018
Accepted: May. 28, 2018
Published Online: Aug. 14, 2019
The Author Email: Ping Song (1206328448@qq.com), Yian Liu (Lya_wx@jiangnan.edu.cn)
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