Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of optical path of differential wavefront lidar

Fig. 2. Emitting beam at z=0. (a) Two-dimensional view; (b) three-dimensional view

Fig. 3. Sampling analysis for vertical propagation [region that satisfies formula (15) is below solid line, while region between two dashed lines satisfies formula (17). Because lower limit of δ_n is too small, it is not shown in Fig. 3. X marks chosen values of δ₁ and δ_n]

Fig. 4. One of phase screens generated by Fourier transformation method augmented with subharmonics

Fig. 5. Scintillation index varying with detection height

Fig. 6. Intensity distributions of laser beam on vertical propagation path for 4 transmissions. (a) 1 km; (b) 2 km; (c) 4 km; (d) 8 km

Fig. 7. Incoherent imaging spots of double aperture telescope in vertical direction. (a) 1 km; (b) 2 km; (c) 4 km; (d) 8 km

Fig. 8. Single imaging spot at different transmission distances in vertical path. (a) Diameter of imaging spot for different transmission times and different transmission distances; (b) mean diameter of imaging spot varying with detection height

Fig. 9. Retrieval results. (a) Profile of jitter variance of imaging spot centroid of differential wavefront lidar; (b) profile of atmospheric coherence length; (c) profile of atmospheric refractive index structure constant