Comparison and Analysis of Estimation Methods for Heavy Metal Pollution of Farmland Soils

Index	Calculating formula	Characteristics of parameters
P_i	P_i = C_i /B_i	Where C_i represents the concentration of element i in the soil sample, and B_i represents the background value of element i
I_geo	I_geo = log₂(C_i /1.5B_i)	Where C_i and B_i are the same as above, and 1.5 represents a background matrix correction factor that includes possible variations of the background values due to lithogenic effects
EF	EF = (C_i /C_r) /(B_i /B_r)	Where C_i and B_i are the same as above, C_r is the concentration of the reference metal, and B_r is the background value of the reference elements
ER	ER = (C_i /S_i) × T_i	Where C_i is the same as above, S_i is the limit-risk concentration of element i, and T_i is the toxic response factor of element i in the soil sample
I_er	I_er = (C_i /S_i) - 1	Where C_i and S_i are the same as above

Table 2.
Classification of pollution degrees using P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er

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Table 2.
Classification of pollution degrees using P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er

Class	P_i	Pollution degree	I_geo	Pollution degree	EF	Pollution degree	ER	Risk degree	I_er	Risk degree
Ⅰ	≤0.7	Unpolluted	≤0	Unpolluted	≤2	Unpolluted	≤40	Low risk	≤0	Low risk
Ⅱ	0.7-1	Low	0-1	Unpolluted to moderately	2-5	Low	40-80	Moderate risk	0-1	Moderate risk
Ⅲ	1-2	Moderately	1-2	Moderately	5-20	Moderately	80-160	Considerable risk	1-3	Considerable risk
Ⅳ	2-3	High	2-3	Moderately to strongly	20-40	High	160-320	High risk	3-5	High risk
Ⅴ	> 3	Extremely	3-4	Strongly	> 40	Extremely	> 320	Extremely high risk	> 5	Extremely high risk
Ⅵ	-	-	4-5	Strongly to extremely	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ⅶ	-	-	> 5	Extremely	-	-	-	-	-	-

Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

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Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

Items	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn
Minimum (mg kg^-1)	0.52	0.05	33.68	19.45	312.82	19.45	0.99	38.99
Maximum (mg kg^-1)	28.87	0.38	123.39	73.12	789.68	55.97	96.36	434.88
Median (mg kg^-1)	4.78	0.21	53.80	30.08	501.72	33.96	37.45	73.72
Average (mg kg^-1)	6.50	0.20	55.73	30.52	503.28	34.21	41.16	89.31
Standard deviation (mg kg^-1)	4.22	0.06	11.63	6.22	61.76	6.77	24.16	57.80
CV	0.65	0.30	0.21	0.20	0.12	0.20	0.59	0.65
Background value (mg kg^-1)	11.20	0.12	39.60	35.80	688.00	26.40	13.50	16.80
National Standard (GB 15618-2018) (mg kg^-1)	25.00	0.60	250.00	100.00	-	190.00	170.00	300.00

Table 4.
Statistics of P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

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Table 4.
Statistics of P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

Assessment method	Statistics	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Ni	Pb	Zn
P_i	Minimum	0.05	0.42	0.85	0.54	0.74	0.07	2.32
	Maximum	2.58	3.17	3.12	2.04	2.12	7.14	25.89
	Average	0.54	1.67	1.41	0.85	1.30	3.05	5.32
I_geo	Minimum	-5.00	-1.85	-0.82	-1.47	-1.03	-4.35	0.63
	Maximum	0.78	1.08	1.05	0.45	0.50	2.25	4.11
	Average	-1.76	0.07	-0.12	-0.84	-0.24	0.64	1.67
EF	Minimum	0.07	0.64	0.96	0.73	1.00	0.10	3.81
	Maximum	4.16	4.19	3.80	3.10	3.25	11.53	30.75
	Average	0.74	2.30	1.93	1.17	1.78	4.21	7.27
ER	Minimum	0.21	2.50	0.27	0.97	0.51	0.03	0.13
	Maximum	11.55	19.0	0.99	3.66	1.47	2.83	1.45
	Average	2.42	10.04	0.45	1.53	0.90	1.21	0.30
I_er	Minimum	-0.98	-0.92	-0.87	-0.81	-0.90	-0.99	-0.87
	Maximum	0.15	-0.37	-0.51	-0.27	-0.71	-0.43	0.45
	Average	-0.76	-0.67	-0.78	-0.69	-0.82	-0.76	-0.70

Table 5.
Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods
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Table 5.
Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods
Assessing method As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn
P_i Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ
I_geo Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
EF Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
ER Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ
I_er Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ

Table 6.
Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution
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Table 6.
Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution
Assessing method Order
P_i Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As
I_geo Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As
EF Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As
ER Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn
I_er Cd > Cu > Zn > As = Pb > Cr > Ni

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EZIZ Mamattursun, HAYRAT Adila, Xiuyun YANG. Comparison and Analysis of Estimation Methods for Heavy Metal Pollution of Farmland Soils[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(5): 435

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Paper Information

Received: Dec. 5, 2019

Accepted: May. 14, 2020

Published Online: Oct. 17, 2020

The Author Email: Mamattursun EZIZ (oasiseco@126.com)

DOI:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.05.001

Topics

Resource Economy

Research Articles

Table 1. The calculating formulas for the Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier Index

Table 1. The calculating formulas for the Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier Index

Table 2. Classification of pollution degrees using Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier

Table 2. Classification of pollution degrees using Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

Table 4. Statistics of Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

Table 4. Statistics of Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

Table 5. Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods

Table 5. Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods

Table 6. Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution

Table 6. Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution

Table 1.
The calculating formulas for the P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er Index

Table 1.
The calculating formulas for the P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er Index

Table 2.
Classification of pollution degrees using P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er

Table 2.
Classification of pollution degrees using P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er

Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)

Table 4.
Statistics of P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

Table 4.
Statistics of P_i, I_geo, EF, ER, and I_er values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area

Table 5.
Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods

Table 5.
Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods

Table 6.
Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution

Table 6.
Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution