Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic diagram of the formation of passivation layer.

Fig. 2. (Color online) SEM and AFM images of (a, c) control and (b, d) passivated perovskite films on ITO/SnO₂ substrates. (e) Device structure of the passivated perovskite solar cells. (f) XRD patterns of passivated and control perovskite films.

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) J–V curves of the control and passivated perovskite solar cells. (b) External quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra for the passivated and control devices.

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Spectra of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). (b) Secondary electron cutoff and (c) valence band region near E_F of the perovskite film without (control) and with MABr (2 mg/mL) deposited on ITO substrate. (d) The energy level diagram of PSCs. (e) Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and (f) time-resolved PL (TRPL) spectra of the passivated and control perovskite film.

Fig. 5. (Color online) I−V curves with the device structure of ITO/perovskite/Au, where the perovskite (a) without (control) and (b) with the passivation measured in the dark. (c) Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and (d) time-resolved PL (TRPL) spectra of the passivated and control perovskite film. (e) The dark I−V characteristics of the perovskite devices with and without the MABr.

Fig. 6. (Color online) (a) Histogram distribution of the PCE for devices with control (40 cells) and passivated perovskite films (40 cells). (b) J−V curves and (c) EQE spectra with integrated J_SC of the best passivated perovskite devices. (d) Current density measured for 300 s at the steady power output (SPO) with a fixed maximum voltage (0.97 V).

Fig. 7. (Color online) (a) PCEs evolution of devices in ambient air with the room temperature of 25–30 °C, and the humidity of 20%–30%. (b) Devices kept at 65 °C in ambient air with encapsulation for 400 h.

Fig. 8. (Color online) XRD patterns of (a) control and (b) passivated perovskite films after in humid air (with RH: 20%−30%) for 0, 100, 400, 700, and 1000 h.