Fig. 1. Plan view micrographs of the segmented micro-LED arrays. The magnified micrographs on the right show the array configuration and individual pixel design. A diagram is also included noting the inner and outer pixels (dimensions in micrometers).

Fig. 2. Combined current–voltage (I–V), left, and luminescence–current (L–I), right, characteristics of both inner and outer pixels. The inset shows the emission spectrum of an inner pixel at 50 mA.

Fig. 3. Small signal frequency response for the inner pixel at 5 and 50 mA. The inset shows 6 dB E-O bandwidth at different values for the current density J, corresponding to DC-bias values of 5–50 mA.

Fig. 4. Block diagram for OFDM transmitter and receiver.

Fig. 5. (a) Bit loading and channel capacity per subcarrier, both given in bits per subcarrier. (b) Energy loading per subcarrier.

Fig. 6. Statistical CDF for different QAM constellation sizes realized at BER=2.3×10−3, below the FEC target.

Fig. 7. Experimental setup. (a) Schematic setup of the experiment showing the optical system, AWG, oscilloscope, amplifier, attenuator, and Bias-tee. (b) Photograph of the optical system showing the micro-LED, the optical lens system, and the photoreceiver.

Fig. 8. Experimentally obtained results and theoretical bounds of data rate and BER versus different dimming levels at a modulation depth of VPP=2.36  V. The values for the received optical power correspond to DC-bias values ranging from 10 to 40 mA.

Fig. 9. Theoretical bounds on the data rate versus BER for different dimming levels at a modulation depth of VPP=2.36  V. The values for the received optical power correspond to DC-bias values ranging from 10 to 40 mA. Filled markers denote experimental results.

Fig. 10. SNR versus frequency for different modulation depths at DC-bias current IDC=30  mA. The values for the modulation signal swings correspond to feeding the micro-LED with varying power levels from 5.85 to 11.78 dBm.

Fig. 11. Data rates versus BER for the experimentally obtained and the theoretical bounds at DC-bias current IDC=30  mA corresponding to Popt=−2.6  dBm and modulation depth VPP=3.88  V.

Fig. 12. Distance versus received optical power (left) and data rate (right). (a) Study I with transmitter and receiver lenses and Study II with transmitter lens only. (b) Study III with receiver lens only and Study IV without any optics.

Fig. 13. Received optical power distribution in dBm as a function of vertical–horizontal displacements. (a) Study I at a distance of 369 cm; (b) Study I at a distance of 525 cm; (c) Study II at a distance of 104 cm; (d) Study II at a distance of 147 cm; (e) Study III at a distance of 4.7 cm; (f) Study III at a distance of 6.6 cm; (g) Study IV at a distance of 1.3 cm; (h) Study IV at a distance of 1.9 cm.