Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of optical paths for CLSM and OS-SIM. (a) Principle of conventional single-point CLSM; (b) principle of SD-CLSM

Fig. 2. Principle of OS-SIM based on DMD modulation and LED illumination

Fig. 3. Reconstructed 3D optical sectioning images of autofluorescent mixed pollen grain samples by CLSM and OS-SIM. (a) Reconstructed image by CLSM; (b) reconstructed image by OS-SIM; enlarged images of (c) box ①, (d) box ②, (e) box ③, and (f) box ④ in Fig. 3(a); enlarged images of (g) box ①, (h) box ②, (i) box ③, and (j) box ④ in Fig. 3(b)

Fig. 4. Reconstructed 3D optical sectioning images of autofluorescent plant flower bud samples by CLSM and OS-SIM. (a) Reconstructed image by CLSM; (b) reconstructed image by OS-SIM; enlarged images of (c) network center structure, (d) network structure, (e) membranous structure, and (f) granular structure in Fig. 4(a); enlarged images of (g) network center structure, (h) network structure, (i) membranous structure, and (j) granular structure in Fig. 4(b)

Fig. 5. Measurement results of field-of-view for CLSM and OS-SIM systems. (a) Field-of-view of CLSM measured by a standard microscopic scale bar; (b) field-of-view of OS-SIM measured by a standard microscopic scale bar

Fig. 6. Measurement results of spatial resolution for CLSM and OS-SIM systems. (a) PSF images for CLSM and OS-SIM systems using 110 nm-diameter fluorescent beads as samples; (b) PSF curves

Fig. 7. Gray scale histograms of reconstructed 3D optical sectioning images for autofluorescent plant flower bud samples by CLSM and OS-SIM, N represents the number of pixels. (a) CLSM; (b) OS-SIM