Fig. 1. Gas-atomized GH4169 superalloy powder. (a) Particle morphology; (b) particle size distribution

Fig. 2. Equipment and laser spot. (a) Laser additive manufacturing equipment; (b) energy distribution of multimode fiber laser

Fig. 3. HP-LPBF formed GH4169 alloy. (a) Laser scanning strategy; (b) design dimension of tensile test specimen

Fig. 4. Relative density and forming efficiency of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy versus laser volumetric energy density

Fig. 5. Metallurgical defect distribution characteristics of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy under different laser volumetric energy densities. (a)(a1) 45 J/mm³; (b)(b1) 51 J/mm³; (c)(c1) 57 J/mm³; (d)(d1) 65 J/mm³; (e)(e1) 76 J/mm³; (f)(f1) 91 J/mm³

Fig. 6. XRD spectrum of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy

Fig. 7. Typical microstructures of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy. (a) SEM image at low magnification; (b) columnar dendrites; (c) cellular dendrites; (d) SEM image at high magnification

Fig. 8. EPMA maps of columnar dendrites of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy

Fig. 9. EBSD images of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy. (a) Inverse pole figure; (b) grain boundary characteristic distribution

Fig. 10. Pole figures of longitudinal section of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy

Fig. 11. Mechanical properties of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy. (a) Hardness; (b) tensile stress-strain curve; (c) tensile properties

Fig. 12. Fracture morphologies of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy. (a) Low magnification; (b) high magnification

Fig. 13. Comparison of samples formed by HP-LPBF from this study and conventional LPBF from published papers. (a) Ultimate tensile strength and elongation; (b) forming efficiency

Fig. 14. GND map and GND density distribution of HP-LPBF formed GH4169 superalloy. (a) GND map; (b) GND density distribution