[1] Bayraktar M, Kockara S, Halic T et al. Local edge-enhanced active contour for accurate skin lesion border detection[J]. BMC Bioinformatics, 20, 91(2019).

[2] Lee S, Jeong B, Park K et al. On-CMOS image sensor processing for lane detection[J]. Sensors, 21, 3713(2021).

[3] Mishro P K, Agrawal S, Panda R et al. A survey on state-of-the-art denoising techniques for brain magnetic resonance images[J]. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 15, 184-199(2022).

[4] Fiolka J, Bernacki K, Farah A et al. Multi-wavelength biometric acquisition system utilizing finger vasculature NIR imaging[J]. Sensors, 23, 1981(2023).

[5] Kuang H L, Wang Y H, Liang Y X et al. BEA-net: body and edge aware network with multi-scale short-term concatenation for medical image segmentation[J]. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 27, 4828-4839(2023).

[6] Ozer S, Ilhan H E, Ozkanoglu M A et al. Offloading deep learning powered vision tasks from UAV to 5G edge server with denoising[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72, 8035-8048(2023).

[7] Zamir S W, Arora A, Khan S et al. Learning enriched features for fast image restoration and enhancement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 45, 1934-1948(2023).

[8] Valente J, António J, Mora C et al. Developments in image processing using deep learning and reinforcement learning[J]. Journal of Imaging, 9, 207(2023).

[9] Hidayat E Y, Hastuti K, Muda A K. Artificial intelligence in digital image processing: a bibliometric analysis[J]. Intelligent Systems with Applications, 25, 200466(2025).

[10] Lin G, Jiang J Z, Bai J et al. Frontiers and developments of data augmentation for image: from unlearnable to learnable[J]. Information Fusion, 114, 102660(2025).

[11] Badloe T, Lee S, Rho J. Computation at the speed of light: metamaterials for all-optical calculations and neural networks[J]. Advanced Photonics, 4, 064002(2022).

[12] He S S, Wang R S, Luo H L. Computing metasurfaces for all-optical image processing: a brief review[J]. Nanophotonics, 11, 1083-1108(2022).

[13] Xu D Y, Wen S C, Luo H L. Metasurface-based optical analog computing: from fundamentals to applications[J]. Advanced Devices & Instrumentation, 2022, 2(2022).

[14] Chen Y T, Nazhamaiti M, Xu H et al. All-analog photoelectronic chip for high-speed vision tasks[J]. Nature, 623, 48-57(2023).

[15] McMahon P L. The physics of optical computing[J]. Nature Reviews Physics, 5, 717-734(2023).

[16] Liu Y L, Liu W W, Cheng H et al. Development and applications of spatial optical analog computing[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 1623006(2023).

[17] Hu J T, Mengu D, Tzarouchis D C et al. Diffractive optical computing in free space[J]. Nature Communications, 15, 1525(2024).

[18] Zhou H Q, Zhao C L, He C et al. Optical computing metasurfaces: applications and advances[J]. Nanophotonics, 13, 419-441(2024).

[19] Hao H J, Wang X W, Liu J et al. Optical computation and advanced imaging based on metasurface (invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 61, 1611008(2024).

[20] Zhang N, Huang Z Q, Zhang Z A et al. Advances of optical computing and optoelectronic intelligent computing[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 51, 1800001(2024).

[21] Hu X M, Xu W Z, Fan Q B et al. Metasurface-based computational imaging: a review[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 014002(2024).

[22] Linden S, Enkrich C, Wegener M et al. Magnetic response of metamaterials at 100 terahertz[J]. Science, 306, 1351-1353(2004).

[23] Kildishev A V, Boltasseva A, Shalaev V M. Planar photonics with metasurfaces[J]. Science, 339, 1232009(2013).

[24] Yu N F, Capasso F. Flat optics with designer metasurfaces[J]. Nature Materials, 13, 139-150(2014).

[25] Chen W T, Zhu A Y, Capasso F. Flat optics with dispersion-engineered metasurfaces[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 5, 604-620(2020).

[26] Guo X Y, Li P, Li B J et al. Visible frequency broadband dielectric metahologram by random Fourier phase-only encoding[J]. Science China Physics, 64, 214211(2020).

[27] Reshef O, DelMastro M P, Bearne K K M et al. An optic to replace space and its application towards ultra-thin imaging systems[J]. Nature Communications, 12, 3512(2021).

[28] Wang Y F, Landreman P, Schoen D et al. Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 16, 667-672(2021).

[29] Li Y, Fan X H, Guo X Y et al. Metasurface for oscillatory spin splitting along the optical path[J]. Photonics Research, 10, B7-B13(2022).

[30] Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction[J]. Science, 334, 333-337(2011).

[31] Sun S L, Yang K Y, Wang C M et al. High-efficiency broadband anomalous reflection by gradient meta-surfaces[J]. Nano Letters, 12, 6223-6229(2012).

[32] Liu L X, Zhang X Q, Kenney M et al. Broadband metasurfaces with simultaneous control of phase and amplitude[J]. Advanced Materials, 26, 5031-5036(2014).

[33] Sun S L, He Q, Xiao S Y et al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves[J]. Nature Materials, 11, 426-431(2012).

[34] Zheng G X, Mühlenbernd H, Kenney M et al. Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 10, 308-312(2015).

[35] Decker M, Staude I, Falkner M et al. High-efficiency dielectric Huygens’ surfaces[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 3, 813-820(2015).

[36] Monticone F, Estakhri N M, Alù A. Full control of nanoscale optical transmission with a composite metascreen[J]. Physical Review Letters, 110, 203903(2013).

[37] Pfeiffer C, Grbic A. Metamaterial Huygens’ surfaces: tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets[J]. Physical Review Letters, 110, 197401(2013).

[38] Lin D M, Fan P Y, Hasman E et al. Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements[J]. Science, 345, 298-302(2014).

[39] Arbabi A, Horie Y, Bagheri M et al. Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 10, 937-943(2015).

[40] Qin H Y, Shi Y Z, Su Z P et al. Exploiting extraordinary topological optical forces at bound states in the continuum[J]. Science Advances, 8, eade7556(2022).

[41] Kong L J, Zhang W X, Li P et al. High capacity topological coding based on nested vortex knots and links[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 2705(2022).

[42] Huang Z R, Zheng Y Q, Li J H et al. High-resolution metalens imaging polarimetry[J]. Nano Letters, 23, 10991-10997(2023).

[43] Wang S J, Chen K, Dong S F et al. Tunable topological polaritons by dispersion tailoring of an active metasurface[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 046005(2024).

[44] Yang J L, Li Q Y, Liu S Q et al. Temperature-adaptive metasurface radiative cooling device with excellent emittance and low solar absorptance for dynamic thermal regulation[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 046006(2024).

[45] Wu X G, Pan K, Wu X Y et al. Wavelength-insensitive snapshot Stokes polarimetric imaging based on cascaded metasurfaces[J]. Advanced Photonics, 7, 016008(2025).

[46] Balthasar Mueller J P, Rubin N A, Devlin R C et al. Metasurface polarization optics: independent phase control of arbitrary orthogonal states of polarization[J]. Physical Review Letters, 118, 113901(2017).

[47] Bao Y J, Nan F, Yan J H et al. Observation of full-parameter Jones matrix in bilayer metasurface[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 7550(2022).

[48] Overvig A C, Shrestha S, Malek S C et al. Dielectric metasurfaces for complete and independent control of the optical amplitude and phase[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 8, 92(2019).

[49] Zhu T F, Lou Y J, Zhou Y H et al. Generalized spatial differentiation from the spin Hall effect of light and its application in image processing of edge detection[J]. Physical Review Applied, 11, 034043(2019).

[50] He S S, Zhou J X, Chen S Z et al. Wavelength-independent optical fully differential operation based on the spin-orbit interaction of light[J]. APL Photonics, 5, 036105(2020).

[51] Zhu T F, Guo C, Huang J Y et al. Topological optical differentiator[J]. Nature Communications, 12, 680(2021).

[52] Xu D Y, He S S, Zhou J X et al. Goos-Hänchen effect enabled optical differential operation and image edge detection[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 116, 211103(2020).

[53] Xu D Y, He S S, Zhou J X et al. Optical analog computing of two-dimensional spatial differentiation based on the Brewster effect[J]. Optics Letters, 45, 6867-6870(2020).

[54] del Hougne P, Imani M F, Diebold A V et al. Learned integrated sensing pipeline: reconfigurable metasurface transceivers as trainable physical layer in an artificial neural network[J]. Advanced Science, 7, 1901913(2020).

[55] Sol J, Smith D R, del Hougne P. Meta-programmable analog differentiator[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 1713(2022).

[56] Chen Q M, Cao H, Ouyang C et al. Robust optical edge detection enabled by a twisted reflective q-plate[J]. Optics Letters, 48, 6112-6115(2023).

[57] Liang X, Zhu D, Dai Q et al. All-optical multi-order multiplexing differentiation based on dynamic liquid crystals[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18, 2400032(2024).

[58] Zhu T F, Zhou Y H, Lou Y J et al. Plasmonic computing of spatial differentiation[J]. Nature Communications, 8, 15391(2017).

[59] Bykov D A, Doskolovich L L, Bezus E A et al. Optical computation of the Laplace operator using phase-shifted Bragg grating[J]. Optics Express, 22, 25084-25092(2014).

[60] Doskolovich L L, Bezus E A, Bykov D A et al. Spatial differentiation of Bloch surface wave beams using an on-chip phase-shifted Bragg grating[J]. Journal of Optics, 18, 115006(2016).

[61] Dong Z W, Si J N, Yu X Y et al. Optical spatial differentiator based on subwavelength high-contrast gratings[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 112, 181102(2018).

[62] Bykov D A, Doskolovich L L, Morozov A A et al. First-order optical spatial differentiator based on a guided-mode resonant grating[J]. Optics Express, 26, 10997-11006(2018).

[63] Chen J L, Chen Z X, Zhou Z X et al. Spin-dependent edge detection and imaging enabled by optical circularly polarised states[J]. Light: Advanced Manufacturing, 6, 62-70(2025).

[64] Yao J, Fan Y B, Gao Y H et al. Nonlocal Huygens’ meta-lens for high-quality-factor spin-multiplexing imaging[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 65(2025).

[65] Cotrufo M, Arora A, Singh S et al. Dispersion engineered metasurfaces for broadband, high-NA, high-efficiency, dual-polarization analog image processing[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 7078(2023).

[66] Yang Y, Liu A Q, Chin L K et al. Optofluidic waveguide as a transformation optics device for lightwave bending and manipulation[J]. Nature Communications, 3, 651(2012).

[67] Liu S, Cui T J, Zhang L et al. Convolution operations on coding metasurface to reach flexible and continuous controls of terahertz beams[J]. Advanced Science, 3, 1600156(2016).

[68] Qin F, Ding L, Zhang L et al. Hybrid bilayer plasmonic metasurface efficiently manipulates visible light[J]. Science Advances, 2, e1501168(2016).

[69] Zhang C, Yang J, Yang L X et al. Convolution operations on time-domain digital coding metasurface for beam manipulations of harmonics[J]. Nanophotonics, 9, 2771-2781(2020).

[70] Guo X Y, Li B J, Fan X H et al. On-demand light wave manipulation enabled by single-layer dielectric metasurfaces[J]. APL Photonics, 6, 086106(2021).

[71] Qian C, Jia Y T, Wang Z D et al. Autonomous aeroamphibious invisibility cloak with stochastic-evolution learning[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 016001(2024).

[72] Yang Y M, Wang W Y, Moitra P et al. Dielectric meta-reflectarray for broadband linear polarization conversion and optical vortex generation[J]. Nano Letters, 14, 1394-1399(2014).

[73] Dorrah A H, Rubin N A, Zaidi A et al. Metasurface optics for on-demand polarization transformations along the optical path[J]. Nature Photonics, 15, 287-296(2021).

[74] Guo X Y, Zhong J Z, Li B J et al. Full-color holographic display and encryption with full-polarization degree of freedom[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2103192(2022).

[75] Chen C, Xiao X J, Ye X et al. Neural network assisted high-spatial-resolution polarimetry with non-interleaved chiral metasurfaces[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 12, 288(2023).

[76] Wang Y, Yang Q, He S S et al. Computing metasurfaces enabled broad-band vectorial differential interference contrast microscopy[J]. ACS Photonics, 10, 2201-2207(2023).

[77] Zhong H Z, Zheng Y, Sun J C et al. Gigahertz-rate-switchable wavefront shaping through integration of metasurfaces with photonic integrated circuit[J]. Advanced Photonics, 6, 016005(2024).

[78] Ee H S, Agarwal R. Tunable metasurface and flat optical zoom lens on a stretchable substrate[J]. Nano Letters, 16, 2818-2823(2016).

[79] Shalaginov M Y, An S S, Zhang Y F et al. Reconfigurable all-dielectric metalens with diffraction-limited performance[J]. Nature Communications, 12, 1225(2021).

[80] Li S Y, Hsu C W. Thickness bound for nonlocal wide-field-of-view metalenses[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 338(2022).

[81] Saigre-Tardif C, Faqiri R, Zhao H T et al. Intelligent meta-imagers: from compressed to learned sensing[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 9, 011314(2022).

[82] Xiong B, Liu Y, Xu Y H et al. Breaking the limitation of polarization multiplexing in optical metasurfaces with engineered noise[J]. Science, 379, 294-299(2023).

[83] Guo Z J, Wu X G, Zhou L et al. Tightly focusing metalens based on the high order Bessel function[J]. Optics Letters, 49, 2573-2576(2024).

[84] Deng J, Deng L G, Guan Z Q et al. Multiplexed anticounterfeiting meta-image displays with single-sized nanostructures[J]. Nano Letters, 20, 1830-1838(2020).

[85] Guo X Y, Li P, Zhong J Z et al. Stokes meta-hologram toward optical cryptography[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 6687(2022).

[86] Guo X Y, Li P, Zhong J Z et al. Tying polarization-switchable optical vortex knots and links via holographic all-dielectric metasurfaces[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 14, 1900366(2020).

[87] So S, Kim J, Badloe T et al. Multicolor and 3D holography generated by inverse-designed single-cell metasurfaces[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, e2208520(2023).

[88] Dai A L, Fang P P, Gao J M et al. Multifunctional metasurfaces enabled by multifold geometric phase interference[J]. Nano Letters, 23, 5019-5026(2023).

[89] Li P, Xue J M, Fan X H et al. Multidimensional multiplexing liquid crystal holograms[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18, 2400088(2024).

[90] Silva A, Monticone F, Castaldi G et al. Performing mathematical operations with metamaterials[J]. Science, 343, 160-163(2014).

[91] Pors A, Nielsen M G, Bozhevolnyi S I. Analog computing using reflective plasmonic metasurfaces[J]. Nano Letters, 15, 791-797(2015).

[92] Tanriover I, Dereshgi S A, Aydin K. Metasurface enabled broadband all optical edge detection in visible frequencies[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 6484(2023).

[93] Huo P C, Zhang C, Zhu W Q et al. Photonic spin-multiplexing metasurface for switchable spiral phase contrast imaging[J]. Nano Letters, 20, 2791-2798(2020).

[94] Yang H, Xie Z W, He H R et al. Switchable imaging between edge-enhanced and bright-field based on a phase-change metasurface[J]. Optics Letters, 46, 3741-3744(2021).

[95] Yang S W, Wei Q S, Zhao R Z et al. Realizing depth measurement and edge detection based on a single metasurface[J]. Nanophotonics, 12, 3385-3393(2023).

[96] Xu D Y, Yang H, Xu W H et al. Inverse design of Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces for all-optical image edge detection[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 120, 241101(2022).

[97] Xing Z Y, Lin Z L, Liu N et al. Monolithic spin-multiplexing metalens for dual-functional imaging[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2401993(2025).

[98] Zhou J X, Qian H L, Chen C F et al. Optical edge detection based on high-efficiency dielectric metasurface[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 11137-11140(2019).

[99] Chen H, Xu D Y, Yang Q et al. Optical edge detection of object under ambient illumination by incorporating phase modulation with differential metasurface[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 180, 111416(2025).

[100] Wang R S, He S S, Chen S Z et al. Computing metasurfaces enabled chiral edge image sensing[J]. iScience, 25, 104532(2022).

[101] Zhou J X, Qian H L, Zhao J X et al. Two-dimensional optical spatial differentiation and high-contrast imaging[J]. National Science Review, 8, nwaa176(2020).

[102] Zong M X, Liu Y Q, Lv J W et al. Two-dimensional optical differentiator for broadband edge detection based on dielectric metasurface[J]. Optics Letters, 48, 1902-1905(2023).

[103] Zhou Y, Li L, Zhang J H et al. Meta-device for field-of-view tunability via adaptive optical spatial differentiation[J]. Advanced Science, 12, e2412794(2025).

[104] Liang X, Zhou Z, Li Z L et al. All-optical multiplexed meta-differentiator for tri-mode surface morphology observation[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, 2301505(2023).

[105] Bi X Y, Guo X Y, Wu X G et al. Wideband optical edge detection based on dielectric metasurface[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 123, 061702(2023).

[106] Intaravanne Y, Ansari M A, Ahmed H et al. Metasurface-enabled 3-in-1 microscopy[J]. ACS Photonics, 10, 544-551(2023).

[107] Bi X Y, Wu X G, Fan X H et al. Concurrent image differentiation and integration processings enabled by polarization-multiplexed metasurface[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 19, 2400718(2025).

[108] Zhao M T, Liang X Z, Li J S et al. Optical phase contrast microscopy with incoherent vortex phase[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 16, 2200230(2022).

[109] Chizari A, Abdollahramezani S, Jamali M V et al. Analog optical computing based on a dielectric meta-reflect array[J]. Optics Letters, 41, 3451-3454(2016).

[110] Zhou J X, Zhao J X, Wu Q Y et al. Nonlinear computational edge detection metalens[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 32, 2204734(2022).

[111] Xue W J, Miller O D. High-NA optical edge detection via optimized multilayer films[J]. Journal of Optics, 23, 125004(2021).

[112] Jin C Q, Yang Y M. Transmissive nonlocal multilayer thin film optical filter for image differentiation[J]. Nanophotonics, 10, 3519-3525(2021).

[113] Doskolovich L L, Kashapov A I, Bezus E A et al. Spatiotemporal optical differentiation and vortex generation with metal-dielectric-metal multilayers[J]. Physical Review A, 106, 033523(2022).

[114] Liu Y, Huang M C, Chen Q K et al. Single planar photonic chip with tailored angular transmission for multiple-order analog spatial differentiator[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 7944(2022).

[115] Guo C, Xiao M, Minkov M et al. Photonic crystal slab Laplace operator for image differentiation[J]. Optica, 5, 251-256(2018).

[116] Kwon H, Sounas D, Cordaro A et al. Nonlocal metasurfaces for optical signal processing[J]. Physical Review Letters, 121, 173004(2018).

[117] Cordaro A, Kwon H, Sounas D et al. High-index dielectric metasurfaces performing mathematical operations[J]. Nano Letters, 19, 8418-8423(2019).

[118] Zhou Y, Zheng H Y, Kravchenko I I et al. Flat optics for image differentiation[J]. Nature Photonics, 14, 316-323(2020).

[119] Komar A, Aoni R A, Xu L et al. Edge detection with Mie-resonant dielectric metasurfaces[J]. ACS Photonics, 8, 864-871(2021).

[120] Chen H, Gui L L, Guo J Y et al. Efficient dual-wavelength metasurface for second-order differential edge detection in the ultraviolet[J]. Applied Optics, 62, 8552-8557(2023).

[121] Pan D P, Wan L, Ouyang M et al. Laplace metasurfaces for optical analog computing based on quasi-bound states in the continuum[J]. Photonics Research, 9, 1758-1766(2021).

[122] Cotrufo M, Singh S, Arora A et al. Polarization imaging and edge detection with image-processing metasurfaces[J]. Optica, 10, 1331-1338(2023).

[123] Esfahani S, Cotrufo M, Alù A. Tailoring space-time nonlocality for event-based image processing metasurfaces[J]. Physical Review Letters, 133, 063801(2024).

[124] He Q, Zhang F, Pu M B et al. Monolithic metasurface spatial differentiator enabled by asymmetric photonic spin-orbit interactions[J]. Nanophotonics, 10, 741-748(2021).

[125] Kim Y, Lee G Y, Sung J et al. Spiral metalens for phase contrast imaging[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 32, 2106050(2022).

[126] Fu W W, Zhao D, Li Z Q et al. Ultracompact meta-imagers for arbitrary all-optical convolution[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 62(2022).

[127] Zhang Y Z, Lin P C, Huo P C et al. Dielectric metasurface for synchronously spiral phase contrast and bright-field imaging[J]. Nano Letters, 23, 2991-2997(2023).

[128] Huo P C, Tan L, Jin Y Q et al. Broadband and parallel multiple-order optical spatial differentiation enabled by Bessel vortex modulated metalens[J]. Nature Communications, 15, 9045(2024).

[129] Wang H W, Guo C, Zhao Z X et al. Compact incoherent image differentiation with nanophotonic structures[J]. ACS Photonics, 7, 338-343(2020).

[130] Zhang X M, Bai B F, Sun H B et al. Incoherent optoelectronic differentiation based on optimized multilayer films[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 16, 2200038(2022).

[131] Wang S, Li L, Wen S et al. Metalens for accelerated optoelectronic edge detection under ambient illumination[J]. Nano Letters, 24, 356-361(2024).

[132] Swartz B T, Zheng H Y, Forcherio G T et al. Broadband and large-aperture metasurface edge encoders for incoherent infrared radiation[J]. Science Advances, 10, eadk0024(2024).

[133] Zheng H Y, Liu Q, Kravchenko I I et al. Multichannel meta-imagers for accelerating machine vision[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 19, 471-478(2024).

[134] Kopecká M, Gabriel M. The influence of Congo red on the cell wall and (1→3)-β-d-glucan microfibril biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J]. Archives of Microbiology, 158, 115-126(1992).

[135] Qi L, Knapton E K, Zhang X et al. Pre-culture Sudan Black B treatment suppresses autofluorescence signals emitted from polymer tissue scaffolds[J]. Scientific Reports, 7, 8361(2017).

[136] Wang X W, Wang H, Wang J L et al. Single-shot isotropic differential interference contrast microscopy[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 2063(2023).

[137] Zhou J X, Wu Q Y, Zhao J X et al. Fourier optical spin splitting microscopy[J]. Physical Review Letters, 129, 020801(2022).

[138] Bai B J, Li Y H, Luo Y et al. All-optical image classification through unknown random diffusers using a single-pixel diffractive network[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 12, 69(2023).

[139] Fu T Z, Zang Y B, Huang Y Y et al. Photonic machine learning with on-chip diffractive optics[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 70(2023).

[140] Xu S F, Wang J, Shu H W et al. Optical coherent dot-product chip for sophisticated deep learning regression[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 10, 221(2021).

[141] Luo X H, Hu Y Q, Ou X N et al. Metasurface-enabled on-chip multiplexed diffractive neural networks in the visible[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 158(2022).

[142] Luo X H, Dong S Y, Wei Z Y et al. Full-Fourier-component tailorable optical neural meta-transformer[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 17, 2300272(2023).

[143] Liu C, Ma Q, Luo Z J et al. A programmable diffractive deep neural network based on a digital-coding metasurface array[J]. Nature Electronics, 5, 113-122(2022).

[144] Li L L, Ruan H X, Liu C et al. Machine-learning reprogrammable metasurface imager[J]. Nature Communications, 10, 1082(2019).

[145] Qian C, Lin X, Lin X B et al. Performing optical logic operations by a diffractive neural network[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 9, 59(2020).

[146] Zhao Z H, Wang Y, Guan C S et al. Deep learning-enabled compact optical trigonometric operator with metasurface[J]. PhotoniX, 3, 15(2022).

[147] Zhou J X, Liu S K, Qian H L et al. Metasurface enabled quantum edge detection[J]. Science Advances, 6, eabc4385(2020).

[148] Fan X H, Li P, Guo X Y et al. Axially tailored light field by means of a dielectric metalens[J]. Physical Review Applied, 14, 024035(2020).

[149] Liu Z Q, Mu X Y, Song H L et al. Dual Jones matrices empowered six phase channels modulation with single-layer monoatomic metasurfaces[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 19, 2401526(2025).

[150] Mu X Y, Qin H Y, Zhao W N et al. Chirality-free full decoupling of Jones matrix phase-channels with a planar minimalist metasurface[J]. Nano Letters, 25, 1322-1328(2025).

[151] Choi H, Kim J, Kim W et al. Realization of high aspect ratio metalenses by facile nanoimprint lithography using water-soluble stamps[J]. PhotoniX, 4, 18(2023).

[152] Choi S, Zuo J W, Das N et al. Scalable nanoimprint manufacturing of functional multilayer metasurface devices[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 34, 2404852(2024).

[153] Ye F, Pivnenko M, Huang H Y et al. Multi-height metasurface for wavefront manipulation fabricated by direct laser writing lithography[J]. Nanophotonics, 12, 3435-3442(2023).

[154] Dall Agnol M A, Nicolau R A, de Lima C J et al. Comparative analysis of coherent light action (laser) versus non-coherent light (light-emitting diode) for tissue repair in diabetic rats[J]. Lasers in Medical Science, 24, 909-916(2009).

[155] Peng Y F, Choi S, Kim J et al. Speckle-free holography with partially coherent light sources and camera-in-the-loop calibration[J]. Science Advances, 7, eabg5040(2021).

[156] Lu H, Alkhazragi O, Wang Y et al. Low-coherence semiconductor light sources: devices and applications[J]. NPJ Nanophotonics, 1, 9(2024).