Impact Mechanism of Spatial Distortion on Immersive Perception of Virtual Scene

Fig. 1. Acquisition, display and perception of 3D stereoscopic image. (a) Schematic diagram of the acquisition of stereoscopic image in the real physical world or virtual space; (b) schematic diagram of the display and visual perception of 3D display device

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Fig. 2. Comparison of image spaces formed by different camera field of views

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Fig. 3. Principle of immersion generation

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Fig. 4. Virtual space effects under six distortion levels and corresponding principal models. (a) Distortion level 1; (b) distortion level 2; (c) distortion level 3; (d) distortion level 4; (e) distortion level 5; (f) distortion level 6

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Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of stereoscopic display system

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Fig. 6. Actual experimental scene

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Fig. 7. Illustrations of EEG activity monitoring and positioning. (a) Portable EEG device; (b) schematic diagram of brain area distribution; (c) distribution diagram of 10‒20 system electrode

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Fig. 8. Flowchart of spatial distortion visual perception experiment

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Fig. 9. Distributions of subjective and objective experimental data. (a) IPQ total scores corresponding to different distortion levels; (b) β wave absolute powers corresponding to different distortion levels

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Fig. 10. Correlation analysis of subjective IPQ score and β wave absolute power

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Fig. 11. Relationship between subjective IPQ score and model prediction result

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Table 1. Symbols involved in space transformation and their geometric meanings

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Table 1. Symbols involved in space transformation and their geometric meanings

Symbol	Geometric meaning
$(X_{o}, Y_{o}, Z_{o})$	Object space coordinate system
$(X_{i}, Y_{i}, Z_{i})$	Image space coordinate system
$P_{o}$	Object point in object space
$P_{i}$	Image point in image space
$P_{c l}$	Mapping point of object point on the left camera sensor plane
$P_{c r}$	Mapping point of object point on the right camera sensor plane
$P_{s l}$	Position of mapping points on the left camera sensor plane on display device
$P_{s r}$	Position of mapping points on the right camera sensor plane on display device
λ	Camera field of view
ω	Eye field of view
$d_{c}$	Camera distance
$d_{e}$	Pupillary distance
$W_{o}$	Horizontal width of camera field of view on the zero parallax plane
$W_{c}$	Horizontal width of camera sensor
$W_{s}$	Horizontal width of 3D display device
$C_{d}$	Camera convergence distance
$d_{V}$	Viewing distance of 3D display device
f	Camera focal length
s	Camera sensor horizontal offset value

Table 2. EEG band frequency distributions and characteristics

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Table 2. EEG band frequency distributions and characteristics

EEG band	Frequency range /Hz	Feature
δ （Delta）	1.0‒4.0	Extreme fatigue， drowsiness， anesthesia， unconsciousness
θ （Theta）	4.0‒8.0	Deep relaxation state， inspiration， early sleep state
α （Alpha）	7.5‒13.0	Relaxed active state， creativity， mental concentration
β （Beta）	13.0‒30.0	Clear consciousness， tense mood， logical thinking， and focused state
γ （Gamma）	30.0‒44.0	Mental disorder， agitation

Table 3. Variance analysis results of subjective and objective data
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Table 3. Variance analysis results of subjective and objective data
Factor Visual immersion perception
df F Sig. （p） $η_{p}^{2}$
IPQ score 5 85.650 <0.001 0.710
P_β 5 10.053 <0.001 0.223

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Lingwei Gao, Zhenping Xia, Yujie Liu, Qishuai Han, Fuyuan Hu. Impact Mechanism of Spatial Distortion on Immersive Perception of Virtual Scene[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(14): 1411001

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