Fig. 1. One-electron cross sections for ionization and charge exchange of Tl⁺ and Tl²⁺ ions in collision with plasma particles. (a) Electron-impact ionization: circles, experiment¹¹ for Tl⁺; solid curves, calculations using the ATOM code.¹⁰ (b) Ionization by protons: circles, experiment¹² for Tl⁺; solid curves, calculations using the ARSENY¹³ and RICODE-M¹⁴ codes. (c) Cross sections for charge-exchange on H atoms calculated using the ARSENY and CAPTURE codes.¹⁵ (d) Cross sections for charge exchange on protons: circles, experiment¹² for Tl⁺; solid curves, calculations using the ARSENY and CAPTURE codes.

Fig. 2. Rate coefficients ⟨vσ⟩ of one-electron ionization and charge exchange for thallium ions as functions of plasma electron temperature T_e. (a) and (b) ⟨vσ⟩ values of Tl⁺ ions at ion-beam velocity v_b = 0.2 a.u. and v_b = 1.0 a.u.; (c) and (d) ⟨vσ⟩ values of Tl²⁺ ions at v_b = 0.2 a.u. and 1.0 a.u. The results labeled IZ-e and IZ-p are for ionization by electrons and protons, respectively, and those labeled CE-H and CE-p are for charge-exchange on H atoms and protons, respectively.

Fig. 3. Hydrogen-atom density N_H as a function of electron temperature T_e at electron densities N_e = 10¹², 10¹³, and 10¹⁴ cm⁻³.

Fig. 4. Dependence of the H-atom density N_H on electron temperature T_e at electron densities N_e = 10¹², 10¹³, and 10¹⁴ cm⁻³ and ion-beam velocities v_b = 0.2 and 1.0 a.u. The decreasing curves are from the calculation in Ref. 18, while the increasing curves are the lower limits of the density N_H from Eq. (10). The arrows indicate the maximum electron temperatures at which the CE-H rates should be accounted for as well as the IZ-e rates.

Fig. 5. ME ionization cross sections (for n = 1–4 electrons) by electron impact of (a) Tl⁺ and (b) Tl²⁺ ions as functions of electron energy: symbols, experiment;¹¹ solid curves, calculations for n = 1 using the ATOM code and for n ≥ 2 using analytical formulas from Ref. 20, the curves marked “total” are the total cross sections.