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Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 23, Issue 10, 100603(2025)

Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature using a 3D-printed seven-core optical fiber inscribed with a fiber Bragg grating

Yang Cao1, Zhexu Huang1, Yanhua Luo1、*, Jianxiang Wen1, Yanhua Dong1, Tingyun Wang1, Chengbo Mou1, Wei Chen1, Fufei Pang1, Zhiqiang Song2, Xiaolei Zhang2, Jiasheng Ni2, Ishaq Ahmad3, Haroon Asghar3, and Gang-Ding Peng4
Author Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
  • 2Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies, Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
  • 3National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
  • 4Photonics & Optical Communications, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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    Figures&Tables (11)
    Equations (13)
    References (39)
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    Figures & Tables(11)
    Schematic diagram of the proposed sensor.

    Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed sensor.

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    SEM image of the SCF cross-section.

    Fig. 2. SEM image of the SCF cross-section.

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    Experimental setup for curvature and temperature measurement. The inset shows the defined bending direction.

    Fig. 3. Experimental setup for curvature and temperature measurement. The inset shows the defined bending direction.

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    (a) and (b) are the transmission and reflection spectra of the proposed sensor with different curvatures along 30° direction; (c) and (d) are the wavelengths of MZI interference dips and FBG reflection peaks as a function of the curvature.

    Fig. 4. (a) and (b) are the transmission and reflection spectra of the proposed sensor with different curvatures along 30° direction; (c) and (d) are the wavelengths of MZI interference dips and FBG reflection peaks as a function of the curvature.

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    Transmission spectra of the MZI interference dip at four different bending directions: (a) 30°, (b) 90°, (c) 240°, and (d) 270°.

    Fig. 5. Transmission spectra of the MZI interference dip at four different bending directions: (a) 30°, (b) 90°, (c) 240°, and (d) 270°.

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    Wavelength shift of the MZI interference dip in response to the bending along 30°, 90°, 240°, and 270° directions.

    Fig. 6. Wavelength shift of the MZI interference dip in response to the bending along 30°, 90°, 240°, and 270° directions.

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    Wavelength shift of the MZI transmission spectra simulated along different bending directions: (a) 30°, (b) 90°, (c) 240°, and (d) 270°.

    Fig. 7. Wavelength shift of the MZI transmission spectra simulated along different bending directions: (a) 30°, (b) 90°, (c) 240°, and (d) 270°.

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    (a) and (b) are the transmission and reflection spectra of the proposed sensor at different temperatures, respectively. (c) and (d) are the wavelengths of MZI interference dips and FBG reflection peaks as a function of temperature, respectively.

    Fig. 8. (a) and (b) are the transmission and reflection spectra of the proposed sensor at different temperatures, respectively. (c) and (d) are the wavelengths of MZI interference dips and FBG reflection peaks as a function of temperature, respectively.

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    Calculated sensing results with Eq. (13) compared to applied curvature and temperature.

    Fig. 9. Calculated sensing results with Eq. (13) compared to applied curvature and temperature.

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    Sensor responses for different curvatures and temperatures.

    Fig. 10. Sensor responses for different curvatures and temperatures.

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    • Table 1. Performance Comparison of Optical Fiber Curvature Sensors With Different Structures

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      Table 1. Performance Comparison of Optical Fiber Curvature Sensors With Different Structures

      Sensing structureCurvature range (m−1)Curvature sensitivity (nm/m−1)Temperature range (°C)Temperature sensitivity (pm/°C)Direction recognitionRef.
      FBG in a two-core hollow eccentric fiber0–4.7590.33040.0–160.06YES[35]
      SMF-two hump-shaped tapers-SMF0–1.20010.22020.0–80.049YES[36]
      SMF-two-core fiber-SMF0–0.270−137.87023.0–100.043NO[37]
      SMF-symmetrical strongly coupled SCF-SMF2.200–5.0003.000——NO[6]
      SMF-symmetrical strongly coupled SCF-SMF0–0.15015.90 dB/m−130.0–80.0−0.02 dB/m−1NO[38]
      SMF-a symmetrical strongly coupled SCF with FBG-SMF0.180–0.500−3.91030.0–90.012NO[39]
      SMF-three-core fiber0–0.8401.990——YES[18]
      SMF-three-core fiber-three-core fiber-SMF0–0.1600.950——YES[19]
      SMF-modified asymmetric strongly coupled SCF-MMF0–0.150−17.500——YES[20]
      SMF-a asymmetric strongly coupled SCF with FBG-SMF0–1.51825.78020.0–110.034YESThis paper
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    Yang Cao, Zhexu Huang, Yanhua Luo, Jianxiang Wen, Yanhua Dong, Tingyun Wang, Chengbo Mou, Wei Chen, Fufei Pang, Zhiqiang Song, Xiaolei Zhang, Jiasheng Ni, Ishaq Ahmad, Haroon Asghar, Gang-Ding Peng, "Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature using a 3D-printed seven-core optical fiber inscribed with a fiber Bragg grating," Chin. Opt. Lett. 23, 100603 (2025)

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    Paper Information

    Category: Fiber optics and optical communications

    Received: Apr. 17, 2025

    Accepted: Jun. 9, 2025

    Published Online: Sep. 24, 2025

    The Author Email: Yanhua Luo (yhluo3@shu.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/COL202523.100603

    CSTR:32184.14.COL202523.100603

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology