Laser shock peening is a surface strengthening technology that uses laser beams to modify the surface of metal materials, which can improve the surface microstructure of materials, generate work hardening and compressive residual stress at a certain depth, effectively improve the fatigue properties and prolong the service life of materials. This paper introduces the technical principle of laser shock peening, summarizes the process parameters, numerical simulation and main application research of laser shock peening technology, and prospects the follow-up research and development of this technology.