Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 18, Issue 4, 041405(2020)
Recent progress in multi-wavelength fiber lasers: principles, status, and challenges Editors' Pick
Figures & Tables(31)
![Applications of MWFL: (a) DWDM technology for an optical communication system, and (b) the multi-wavelength Raman fiber laser for long-distance simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature selected from Ref. [12]. (c) Phased array antenna system selected from Ref. [14]. (d) Microwave signal generation based on a multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser selected from Ref. [16].](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 1. Applications of MWFL: (a) DWDM technology for an optical communication system, and (b) the multi-wavelength Raman fiber laser for long-distance simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature selected from Ref. [12]. (c) Phased array antenna system selected from Ref. [14]. (d) Microwave signal generation based on a multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser selected from Ref. [16].
Fig. 2. Multi-wavelength EDFL based on a phase modulator: (a) the schematic of the experimental setup; the output spectrum characteristics (b) without modulation feedback and (c) with modulation feedback. Selected from Ref. [24].
Fig. 3. Multi-wavelength operation based on the MZI filter effect: (a) the experimental schematic of an EDFL; (b) the comb filter transmission spectra; (c) the spectral characteristics of 14-wavelengths operation; (d) the spectral characteristics of 29-wavelengths operation. Selected from Ref. [27].
Fig. 4. MWFL based on the SMS interferometer: (a) the experimental schematic diagram of dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) the output spectral tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser. Selected from Ref. [30].
Fig. 5. Multi-wavelength fiber laser and the output characteristics: (a) the schematic diagram of dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) optical spectral evolution with different pump power; (c) the stability measurement of optical spectra. Selected from Ref. [66]. (d) The schematic diagram of multi-wavelength TDFL; (e) the stable tri-wavelength operation. Selected from Ref. [72].
Fig. 6. MWFL based on two types of intensity-dependent loss structures: (a) schematic of the NPR mode-locked TDFL; (b) working principle of the NPR structure. Selected from Ref. [78]. Two cases of output spectrum of MWFL based on NPR structures: (c) 22-wavelength operation; (d) 28-wavelength operation. Selected from Ref. [73]. (e) The experimental setup of the NALM structure. Output spectrum characteristics of EDFL based on the NALM structure at two different states by adjusting the PCs. Selected from Ref. [75]. (f) 41 wavelengths; (g) 50 wavelengths. Selected from Ref. [76].
Fig. 7. Multi-wavelength operation in the ring EDFL: (a) the experimental setup of backward pumping; (b) the experimental setup of forward pumping; (c) the output spectrum of forward and backward pumping. Selected from Ref. [83]. The multi-wavelength Brillouin–Raman fiber laser: (d) the experimental setup; (e) and (f) illustrations of multi-wavelength lasing spectra at different DCF lengths. The magnified views are shown in graphs on the right. Selected from Ref. [34].
Fig. 8. Spectrum characteristic of the dual-wavelength TDFL: (a) the three-states switchable dual-wavelength conventional soliton; (b) the numerical simulation transmission spectrum of the NPR; (c) the comparison between simulative and experimental results. Selected from Ref. [78].
Fig. 9. Schematic and laser characteristics of the NALM fiber laser: (a) the schematic diagram of a mode-locked Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser; (b)–(e) tunable multi-wavelength spectrum (left), corresponding pulse trace (middle), and single pulse (right); (f) and (g) show CW operation characteristics. Selected from Ref. [126].
Fig. 11. Diverse methods of integration of CNT-/graphene-SAs into the resonant cavity: (a) sandwiched film between two fiber connectors; (b) in-fiber microfluidic channels; (c) PCFs filled by the SA; (d) D-shaped fiber; (e) tapered fiber; (f) fully integrated monolithic fiber laser. Selected from Ref. [177].
Fig. 12. Characteristics of dual-wavelength YDFL-based graphene SA (GSA): (a) microscopy image of tapered fiber-based GSA; (b) the schematic diagram of dual-wavelength YDFL; (c) the spectrum of dual-wavelength CW operation; (d) the spectrum of mode-locked operation; (e) the oscilloscope trace, inset: single-pulse envelope; (f) the RF spectrum. Selected from Ref. [196].
Fig. 13. TI-SA and characteristics of MWMLFL: (a) the solution of
Fig. 14. Output properties of dual-wavelength EDFL: (a) the spectrum of the dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) the pulse traces; (c) long-term output spectrum stability measurement. Selected from Ref. [224].
Fig. 15. Characteristics of BP nanoparticles (NPs): (a) the atomic force microscope (AFM) image; (b) height profiles of the sections marked in (a); (c) Raman spectrum; (d) the linear absorption spectrum; (e) the Z-scan measurements of BP-PMMA film; (f) the relation of normalized transmittance and intensity. Selected from Ref. [154].
Fig. 16. Output characteristics of tri-wavelength mode-locking based on the BP-SA: (a) the schematic of the EDFL; (b) the characteristics of the pulse trace (up) and spectrum (down); the emission spectrum of the EDF (c) without and (d) with BP-SA. Selected from Ref. [233].
Fig. 17. Schematic diagram and laser output characteristics of the fiber laser: (a) the schematic of the tri-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser; (b) the measured reflection spectra of three CFBGs; (c) the normalized absorption characteristic of the SWCNT-SA; (d) linear absorption characteristic of the SWCNT-SA; (e)–(g) the output spectrum and corresponding autocorrelation intensity trace of
Fig. 18. Switchable multi-wavelength mode-locked TDFL: (a) the experimental setup; the spectrum of the switchable tri-wavelength of (b) pair-by-pair and (c) one-by-one. Selected from Ref. [124]. (d) The schematic of the YDFL based on a graphene-oxide (GO)-SA, and spectral characteristics of tunable multi-wavelength DS; (e) the tunable single-wavelength spectra; (f) the wavelength-tunable dual-wavelength DSs; (g) the spectrum of spacing-tunable dual-wavelength DSs; (h) the switchable spectrum dynamics of tri-wavelength DSs by adjusting the orientation of the PC. Selected from Ref. [132].
Fig. 19. Laser characteristics of a bright–dark soliton pair based on NALM structures: (a) oscilloscope pulse traces and (b) the corresponding optical spectrum. Selected from Ref. [257]. The laser characteristics of the bright–dark pulse based on the
Fig. 21. Passively synchronized two-color fiber laser with the aid of SWCNTs: (a) the experimental setup of the fiber laser; (b) linear transmission of SWCNTs; (c) the intensity autocorrelations of the Er laser; (d) the intensity autocorrelations of the Yb laser; (e) the corresponding spectrum of the Er laser; (f) the corresponding spectrum of the Yb laser. Selected from Ref. [257].
Fig. 22. Passively synchronized two-color fiber laser based on the XPM effect: (a) the schematic diagram of the fiber laser; (b), (c) intensity autocorrelation trace (inset: corresponding spectrum) of the Er laser and Yb laser. Selected from Ref. [258].
Fig. 23. Dual-wavelength dual-loop cavity passively synchronized mode-locked fiber laser: (a) the schematic diagram of the experimental setup; the relation between repetition rates of Er- and Tm-doped cavities and Er-cavity length offset (b) with a common GSA in the public area and (c) with two independent
Fig. 24. Synchronized dual-cavity two-color
Fig. 25. Dual-wavelength
Table 1. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Pulsed Lasers Based on a Real SA
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Pulsed Lasers Based on a Real SA
Type of 2D Materials Work Mode Integration Methods Wavelength Range (nm) Number of Wavelengths Repetition Rate (MHz) Pulse Duration (ps) Ref. Graphene ML PLD on taper 1529–1535.4 4 8.034 8.8 [ 188 ]Graphene ML Optical deposition 1061.8, 1068.8 2 1.78 1410 [ 108 ]Graphene ML Optical deposition on fiber taper 1031.43, 1034.94, 1038.43 3 0.55 74.6 [ 189 ]Graphene oxide ML GO-PVA film 1056.5, 1062.3, 1069.5 3 14.2 340 [ 80 ]Graphene oxide ML GO-PVA film 1572.93, 1588.37 2 23.54 12,200 [ 132 ]ML film 1567.2, 1568, 1568.7, 1569.5 4 8.83 22 [ 67 ]ML Optical deposition on fiber end 1548, 1550, 1552 3 8.95 ∼30 [ 212 ]ML Optical deposition on fiber taper 1568.55, 1569 2 2.14 11 [ 222 ]ML PLD on taper 1558.54, 1565.99 2 8.83 0.6 [ 224 ]BP ML BP film 1572.2, 1557.7, 1558.2 3 1.65 16.99 [ 233 ]BP ML BP-PVA film 1533, 1558 2 20.8 0.7 [ 234 ]CNT+FBG ML CNT-PVA film 1540, 1550, 1560 3 6.18 6.3, 6.7, 5.9 [ 48 ]
Table 2. Summary of the MWFL Based on the Filter Effect in the Cavity
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Summary of the MWFL Based on the Filter Effect in the Cavity
Working Principle Wavelength Range (nm) Number of Wavelengths Spacing (nm) 3 dB Linewidth (nm) Power Fluctuation (dB) Ref. Remark MZI 1558.6–1559.2 2 0.6 0.02 [ 26 ]Wavelength tunable MZI 1545–1556 29 0.4/0.8 – [ 27 ]Spacing tunable MZI 1534–1534.4 3 0.2 [ 53 ]Wavelength switchable SMS 1560.8–1563.9 2 3.1 [ 30 ]Wavelength tunable SMS 1894.17–1904.21 3 ∼5 [ 57 ]– FBG 1569.38–1569.6 2 ∼0.2 – – [ 59 ]Wavelength tunable and switchable FBG 1559.80, 1560.65, 1561.25 3 – 0.07 – [ 61 ]– NPR 1550–1575 28 0.8 0.04 [ 73 ]Spacing tunable NALM ∼1967–1981 42 0.33 – [ 75 ]– FWM 1562–1605 50 0.8 – [ 76 ]– FWM ∼1555–1561.5 9 0.8 0.05 [ 84 ]Spacing tunable FWM 1555.68–1561.41 7 0.95 – 0.18 [ 18 ]– SBS ∼1561–1572 11 1 – 1 [ 86 ]Spacing tunable Interaction of SRS, SBS, RS ∼1555–1570 195 0.16 – – [ 34 ]Wavelength tunable
Table 3. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Mode-Locked Lasers Based on NPR or NALM
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Mode-Locked Lasers Based on NPR or NALM
Structure Wavelength Range (nm) Number of Wavelengths Repetition Rate (MHz) Pulse Width (ps) Ref. Remark NPR ∼1040–1074 3 36 – [ 31 ]Wavelength tunable NPR 1852/1862, 1863/1874, and 1874/1886 2 2.68 – [ 78 ]Wavelength switchable NPR+ PS-LPFBG 1031.48–1056.32 3 2.5 460 [ 119 ]Wavelength tunable NPR 1902.5–1917.3 3 14.7 1.36 [ 121 ]– NPR 1571.48/1584.15 2 10.23 9.4/8.6 [ 122 ]Spacing tunable NPR ∼1560–1585 7 7.44 5.68 [ 123 ]Wavelength tunable and switchable NPR 1865–1887 3 2.68 – [ 124 ]Wavelength switchable NALM 1570–1604 20 1.434 5490 [ 125 ]– NALM 1935–1953 4 6.1 3700 [ 126 ]Wavelength tunable MZI modulation 1545.52–1561.28 5 10000 14 [ 29 ]Wavelength switchable
Table 4. Summary of the Dual-Cavity Two-Color Mode-Locked Lasers
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Summary of the Dual-Cavity Two-Color Mode-Locked Lasers
Type Operation Mode Central Wavelength (nm) Repetition Rate (MHz) Pulse Duration Ref. Cross-absorption modulation Synchronized ML 1067.1/1535.48 13.08 6.1/2.1 ps [ 257 ]Cross-absorption modulation Synchronized -switched 1480/1850 0.02 4.9 μs [ 259 ]XPM Synchronized ML 1040/1540 29 13/0.2 ps [ 258 ]XPM + cross-absorption modulation Synchronized ML 1558.5/1938 20.5 0.915/1.57 ps [ 197 ]Gained -switched Synchronized -switched 1046/1546 0.0117 5.3/4.6 μs [ 260 ]Gained -switched Synchronized -switched 2073.05/2954.7 0.108 0.85/0.99 μs [ 261 ]
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Hualong Chen, Xiantao Jiang, Shixiang Xu, Han Zhang, "Recent progress in multi-wavelength fiber lasers: principles, status, and challenges," Chin. Opt. Lett. 18, 041405 (2020)
Paper Information
Category: Lasers and Laser Optics
Received: Oct. 28, 2019
Accepted: Mar. 1, 2020
Published Online: Apr. 15, 2020
The Author Email: Shixiang Xu (hzhang@szu.edu.cn), Han Zhang (shxxu@szu.edu.cn)
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