Fig. 1. Exciton polariton. (a) Schematic diagram of exciton‒photon interaction in a microcavity^[15]; (b) polariton dispersion curves and Hopfield coefficient for δ₀>0, δ₀=0, and δ₀<0^[16]; (c) kinetic mechanism diagram^[19]; (d) experimental realization of polariton condensation^[15]

Fig. 2. TE‒TM polarization splitting in F‒P cavity. (a) Schematic diagram of TE‒TM polarization splitting effect; (b) parabolic dispersion relation of TE and TM modes in the microcavity; (c) field distribution of TE‒TM splitting in momentum space^[14]

Fig. 3. Optical spin Hall effect in F‒P cavity. (a) Schematic diagram of observing optical spin Hall effect using microcavity TE‒TM modes^[26]; (b) schematic diagram of angle dependence of circularly polarized emission from the microcavity^[26]; (c) schematic diagram of angle-dependent pseudospin vectors^[26]; (d) experimental observation results of optical spin Hall effect^[27]

Fig. 4. Spin‒orbit coupling in different gauge fields. (a) Band structure of GaAs/AlGaAs microcavity under 0 T magnetic field^[32]; (b) band structure of GaAs/AlGaAs microcavity under 9 T magnetic field^[32]; (c) projection of band polarization signals and pseudospin distribution in two-dimensional space under an applied magnetic field of 9 T^[32]; (d) anomalous Hall effect of polaritons^[32]; (e) schematic diagram of anisotropic microcavity^[33]; (f) schematic diagram of a liquid crystal microcavity^[34]; (g) Rashba‒Dresselhaus type photon spin-orbit coupling^[34]; (h) anisotropic crystal formed by orderly arrangement of anisotropic organic molecules^[35]; (i) band structure comparison of microcavities with and without anisotropy^[35]

Fig. 5. Gauge field is collectively regulated by the magnetic field and materials anisotropy. (a)‒(b) Band dispersion curves of anisotropic microcavities under 0 T and 9 T magnetic fields, along with their distributions in two-dimensional momentum space^[45]; (c)‒(e) polariton condensation controlled by Rashba‒Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling and its imaging in the far-field and near-field^[46]

Fig. 6. Constraining potential field. (a) Schematic diagram of a micro-pillar cavity^[48]; (b) schematic diagram of an open cavity^[52]

Fig. 7. Constraining potential field. (a) Schematic diagram of an open microcavity with circular symmetry^[64]; (b) schematic diagram of new eigenstates formed by the TE‒TM splitting of the LG₀₁ mode under a confining potential^[64]; (c) spin-orbit coupling of polaritons in a ring structure (benzene molecules)^[66]

Fig. 8. Periodic potential field. (a) Schematic diagram of a photonic honeycomb lattice^[74]; (b)‒(c) in-plane polarized signal of the lowest energy level in the photon band structure from theoretical simulations and the corresponding pseudospin texture^[74]; (d) experimentally observed effective magnetic field stripes near the K point^[71]; (e) topological insulator of polaritons^[75]; (f)‒(g) schematic diagram of a two-dimensional Lieb photonic crystal lattice and its band distribution^[76]