To overcome the influence of body vibration and airflow disturbance on the alignment accuracy of the three-axis airborne optoelectronic system, a fuzzy sliding mode robust control method was proposed. First, the mathematical model of the three-axis airborne optoelectronic system was established according to the coordinate transformation relationship. Then, the fuzzy sliding mode robust control law was designed by introducing a fuzzy algorithm to estimate the interference value. Finally, the stability analysis was given, which can ensure that the three-axis airborne photoelectric system has high-precision tracking for the target orientation. The simulation results show that the proposed method has a better control effect than the fractional order control method, can track the command signal stably in 300 ms, and the maximum interference estimation error is only 0.2 N·m and has higher control accuracy, the maximum tracking error of pitch angle, roll angle and heading angle is only 0.5°, 0.7° and 0.4°, respectively, which greatly improves the alignment accuracy of the three-axis airborne optoelectronic system.