Fig. 1. Short pulse laser effects in tissue. (a) Sequence of effects and induced events; (b) plasma size range and pressure wave pattern; (c) range of cavitation bubble dimensions (pulse energy-dependent) ^[5]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of femtosecond laser corneal ablation system

Fig. 3. Mosaic stitching scanning trajectory

Fig. 4. Diagrams of corneal flap prepared by femtosecond laser. (a) Femtosecond laser ablation area, including the basal cut (gray) and the side cut (dashed); (b) lifting the corneal flap to expose stromal layer

Fig. 5. Results of corneal flap creation under different numerical aperture values. (a)‒(c) Bubble layer after femtosecond laser ablation under numerical aperture values of 0.16, 0.30, and 0.80; (d)‒(f) local magnification images of the bubble layer under corresponding numerical aperture values

Fig. 6. Statistical bubble size

Fig. 7. Cell damage in femtosecond laser corneal stromal ablation. (a) Numerical aperture is 0.16; (b) numerical aperture is 0.30; (c) numerical aperture is 0.80; (d) statistics of stromal cell damage proportion, where the error bars in the figure are mean ± standard error, sample quantity n=10, **** denotes P<0.0001