Photonic signal processing, an important aspect of information systems, is also crucial in practical applications. Large-scale programmable photonic signal processors, owing to their high flexibility, low cost, and powerful processing capabilities, have become a focus of current research. In terms of implementation, silicon photonic technology offers advantages such as compactness, low power consumption, and compatibility with existing CMOS processes. Remarkable progress has been made in this technology over the past decade, leading to its emergence as a highly promising integrated platform. The integration of large-scale programmable photonic signal processors on silicon-based chips not only facilitates device miniaturization but also ensures system stability and high performance. In this study, we review the research progress of large-scale programmable silicon-based integrated chips in the fields of microwave photonics, optical communications, and photonic computing and discuss the challenges associated with the further development of such chips.