Fig. 1. The optical set-up for RW generation in a super-continuum system. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 5.

Fig. 2. The optical set-up for RW generation in a fiber Raman amplification system. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 57.

Fig. 3. A typical schematic diagram of a soliton fiber ring laser operating at 1550 nm based on passive mode locking technique. EDF, erbium-doped fiber; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; SA, saturable absorber; PC, polarization controller; PI-ISO, polarization-independent isolator; OC, optical coupler; OSA, optical spectrometer.

Fig. 4. The output characteristics of the NLPs: (a) the optical spectrum, (b) the pulse trains, and (c) the autocorrelation trace. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 90.

Fig. 5. (a) The pulse–amplitude statistical distribution histogram for the NLP regimes and (b) the temporal evolution of the localized NLPs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 90.

Fig. 6. The numerical evolutions of the pulses for different Esat values of (a) 0.06 nJ, (b) 0.12 nJ, (c) 0.4 nJ, and (d) 8 nJ. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 96.

Fig. 7. The numerical statistical distribution of RWs for different Esat values of (a) 0.6 nJ, (b) 0.8 nJ, (c) 8 nJ, and (d) 14 nJ. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 96.

Fig. 8. The optical set-up for the time-stretching measurement method. PD, photodetector.

Fig. 9. Time lens for observing RWs: (a) the experimental setup and (b) the spatial analogy. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 145.

Fig. 10. Experimental setup of the hybrid measurement method based on time stretching and time lensing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 152.