Journals Articles Conferences News About CLP
Submit a paper Email Alert
Search
Search
Articles
Journals
News
Advanced Search
Top Searches
2D MaterialsTransformation opticsQuantum PhotonicsSmall lasersSemiconductor UV PhotonicsSupersymmetric microring laser arrays

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 19, 1906002(2025)

Review of Research Progress in Sea-Air Cross-Domain Communication Technology (Invited)

Zhengyi Zhao1, Hongtao Zhou2, Yanfeng Wang2, Wenwei Chen1, Qi Tan1, Xin Ding1, Miaoyi Hu1、***, Hang Xu1、**, and Jianquan Yao1、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering,Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
    • show less
    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (21)
    Equations (8)
    References (157)
    Tools
    Paper Information
    Topics
    Figures & Tables(21)
    Schematic diagram of future cross-domain combat communication network

    Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of future cross-domain combat communication network

    Download full size
    Three ways of cross-domain communication between sea and air

    Fig. 2. Three ways of cross-domain communication between sea and air

    Download full size
    Ultra-long wave transmitters[40]. (a) Goliath VLF transmitter; (b) transmitter in Michigan, USA; (c)"ZEVS"ultra-low frequency communication transmission system

    Fig. 3. Ultra-long wave transmitters[40]. (a) Goliath VLF transmitter; (b) transmitter in Michigan, USA; (c)"ZEVS"ultra-low frequency communication transmission system

    Download full size
    Three types of mechanical antennas for generating ultra-long waves. (a) Small extremely low frequency radio signal source[47]; (b) novel ultra-long wave antenna based on a shutter with a fixed permanent magnet[48]; (c) mechanical antenna based on the rotation of a permanent magnet[49]

    Fig. 4. Three types of mechanical antennas for generating ultra-long waves. (a) Small extremely low frequency radio signal source[47]; (b) novel ultra-long wave antenna based on a shutter with a fixed permanent magnet[48]; (c) mechanical antenna based on the rotation of a permanent magnet[49]

    Download full size
    Development of blue-green laser underwater communications[53-76]

    Fig. 5. Development of blue-green laser underwater communications[53-76]

    Download full size
    Schematic diagram of blue-green laser cross-domain communication[81]

    Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of blue-green laser cross-domain communication[81]

    Download full size
    Three methods to suppress influence of ocean waves in cross-domain communications based on blue-green lasers. (a) Multi-light source blue-green laser cross-domain communication system[77]; (b) blue-green laser cross-domain communication system based on dynamic threshold modulation[78]; (c) blue-green laser cross-domain communication method based on beam tracing[80]

    Fig. 7. Three methods to suppress influence of ocean waves in cross-domain communications based on blue-green lasers. (a) Multi-light source blue-green laser cross-domain communication system[77]; (b) blue-green laser cross-domain communication system based on dynamic threshold modulation[78]; (c) blue-green laser cross-domain communication method based on beam tracing[80]

    Download full size
    Four types of buoy devices. (a) Buoy of Key Laboratory of Hydroacoustic Environment Characteristics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[82]; (b) buoy of Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences[83]; (c) buoy of Jiangsu Institute of Automation[84]; (d) buoy of Ocean University of China[85]

    Fig. 8. Four types of buoy devices. (a) Buoy of Key Laboratory of Hydroacoustic Environment Characteristics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[82]; (b) buoy of Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences[83]; (c) buoy of Jiangsu Institute of Automation[84]; (d) buoy of Ocean University of China[85]

    Download full size
    Multi-terminal cross-domain collaborative network based on buoy[91]

    Fig. 9. Multi-terminal cross-domain collaborative network based on buoy[91]

    Download full size
    Cross-domain communication based on acoustic metamaterials［93］

    Fig. 10. Cross-domain communication based on acoustic metamaterials［93］

    Download full size
    Impedance matching mechanisms of several typical acoustic metasurfaces. (a) Membrane-mass resonance[100]; (b) coupled-bubble resonance[105]; (c) vibro-acoustic coupled resonance[93]

    Fig. 11. Impedance matching mechanisms of several typical acoustic metasurfaces. (a) Membrane-mass resonance[100]; (b) coupled-bubble resonance[105]; (c) vibro-acoustic coupled resonance[93]

    Download full size
    Metasurface design for efficient water-air transmission and wavefront control. (a) Hybrid metasurface design[93]; (b) hybrid unit-cell design[112]

    Fig. 12. Metasurface design for efficient water-air transmission and wavefront control. (a) Hybrid metasurface design[93]; (b) hybrid unit-cell design[112]

    Download full size
    Related applications of cross-domain communication based on acoustic metamaterials. (a) Music signal transmission[101]; (b) image data transmission[98]; (c) remote vehicle control[113]; (d) wireless acoustic energy harvesting[114]

    Fig. 13. Related applications of cross-domain communication based on acoustic metamaterials. (a) Music signal transmission[101]; (b) image data transmission[98]; (c) remote vehicle control[113]; (d) wireless acoustic energy harvesting[114]

    Download full size
    Schematic diagram of cross-domain communication principle based on laser-induced acoustics[117]

    Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of cross-domain communication principle based on laser-induced acoustics[117]

    Download full size
    Three mechanisms of laser-induced sound[131]

    Fig. 15. Three mechanisms of laser-induced sound[131]

    Download full size
    Laser-induced acoustic cross-domain modulation method based on 8B/10B special position coding[117]. (a) Cross-domain communication device; (b) modulation signal waveform; (c) schematic diagram of modulation and decoding process

    Fig. 16. Laser-induced acoustic cross-domain modulation method based on 8B/10B special position coding[117]. (a) Cross-domain communication device; (b) modulation signal waveform; (c) schematic diagram of modulation and decoding process

    Download full size
    Schematic diagram of cross-domain communication based on acoustic micro-waves[151]

    Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of cross-domain communication based on acoustic micro-waves[151]

    Download full size
    Two types of acoustic micro-wave cross-domain communication systems. (a) Cross-domain communication system based on laser interferometer[151]; (b) cross-domain communication system based on FMCW millimeter wave radar[152]

    Fig. 18. Two types of acoustic micro-wave cross-domain communication systems. (a) Cross-domain communication system based on laser interferometer[151]; (b) cross-domain communication system based on FMCW millimeter wave radar[152]

    Download full size
    Schematic diagram of multi-carrier OOK modulation[157]

    Fig. 19. Schematic diagram of multi-carrier OOK modulation[157]

    Download full size

    • Table 1. Characteristics of each cross-domain communication method

      View table

      Table 1. Characteristics of each cross-domain communication method

      TypeUltra-long waveBlue-green laserBuoyAcoustic metamaterialsLaser-induced soundAcoustic-induced micro-amplitude wave
      Transmission modeDirectRelayConversion
      Transmission distanceFurthestNearFarRelatively nearFarNear
      Communication rateLowHighestHighRelatively highRelatively highLow
      Deployment flexibilityLowHighRelatively lowPoorHighestHigh
      Environmental adaptabilityHighestRelatively lowHighRelatively highRelatively highLow
      Energy consumptionHighestRelatively highRelatively lowLowestRelatively highRelatively high
      Anti-interference abilityStrongWeakStrongStrongStrongWeak
      CostHighestRelatively highRelatively highLowRelatively lowRelatively low
      Technology maturityMarket applicationPrototype developmentMarket applicationProof of conceptPrototype developmentProof of concept

    • Table 2. Attenuation of electromagnetic waves of different bands underwater[8-36]

      View table

      Table 2. Attenuation of electromagnetic waves of different bands underwater[8-36]

      Frequency bandFrequency and wavelength rangeAttenuation coefficient /（dB/m）Main attenuation mechanism
      Ultra-long waveExtremely low frequency3‒30 Hz104‒105 km0.001‒0.003Conduction current loss dominated by Ohmic loss rather than dielectric polarization loss
      Super low frequency30‒300 Hz103‒104 km0.1‒0.3
      Very low frequency3‒30 kHz10‒100 km0.3‒1.0
      Low frequency to infrared band30 kHz‒430 THz0.7 μm‒10 km>1.0
      visible lightRed to yellow light400‒530 THz565‒740 nm0.17‒3.48Mainly due to the combined action of absorption and scattering. The appearance of the blue-green light window stems from the minimum of the intrinsic absorption of water molecules
      Blue to green light530‒680 THz450‒565 nm0.04‒0.11
      Violet to blue light680‒790 THz380‒450 nm0.13‒0.17
      High-frequency electromagnetic wavesUltraviolet750 THz‒30 PHz10‒400 nm102‒104
      X-rays， γ-rays>30PHz<10 nm103‒106
    Tools

    Get Citation

    Copy Citation Text

    Zhengyi Zhao, Hongtao Zhou, Yanfeng Wang, Wenwei Chen, Qi Tan, Xin Ding, Miaoyi Hu, Hang Xu, Jianquan Yao. Review of Research Progress in Sea-Air Cross-Domain Communication Technology (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(19): 1906002

    Download Citation

    EndNote(RIS)BibTexPlain Text
    Set citation alerts for article
    Save article for my favorites
    Paper Information

    Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

    Received: Jun. 18, 2025

    Accepted: Jul. 31, 2025

    Published Online: Sep. 30, 2025

    The Author Email: Miaoyi Hu (hm1@tju.edu.cn), Hang Xu (xh_931119@tju.edu.cn), Jianquan Yao (jqyao@tju.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/LOP251490

    CSTR:32186.14.LOP251490

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology