It is one of the bases for the reliable prediction of the fuel performance in nuclear power reactors to analyze and characterize the physical and chemical properties of nuclear fuels before and after irradiation. Raman spectroscopy can obtain the information of the molecular morphology and phase structure changes of materials by the analysis of molecular vibration modes. It has been widely used in the characterization of nuclear fuels due to its excellent qualitative and quantitative analysis ability with the advantage of microscale, non-invasion, in-situ and high efficiency. In this paper, the basic principles of several Raman spectroscopy techniques are briefly summarized. The application and research progress of Raman spectroscopy on nuclear fuel analysis are summarized in the corrosion analysis, radiation damage analysis, temperature monitoring and the encapsulation technology of high radioactivity samples. The limitations of Raman spectroscopy techniques are introduced, and in view of nuclear fuel analysis, the future research and application of Raman spectroscopy are prospected from the aspects of coupled techniques and database establishment.