Fig. 1. Four-dimensional function of light field^[20]

Fig. 2. Basic principle and schematic of light field display^[21]. (a) Basic principle; (b) schematic

Fig. 3. Principle of integral imaging light field display. (a) Acquisition process; (b) reconstruction process

Fig. 4. Display effects of integral imaging with ultra-wide viewing angles^[26]

Fig. 5. Integral Imaging based on depth expansion of bifocal liquid crystal lenses^[27]. (a) No applied voltage; (b) applied voltage

Fig. 6. Integral imaging based on time-multiplexed lens stitching^[29]

Fig. 7. High-resolution integral imaging light field display diagram^[30]

Fig. 8. Principle of slit grating display

Fig. 9. Principle of lenticular lens display. (a) Diagram of system; (b) pixel mapping relationship

Fig. 10. Principle of autostereoscopic projection display based on prismatic reflective gratings^[36]

Fig. 11. Vertically spliced light field cave display system^[37]

Fig. 12. Principle of HoloVizio display and multi-view display effects^[39]. (a) Principle; (b) multi-view display effects

Fig. 13. Structure and display effect of annular projection array^[40]. (a) Structure; (b) display effect

Fig. 14. Structure and display effects of three-dimensional display system with eye tracking function^[42]. (a) Structure; (b) display effects

Fig. 15. Structure and display effects of ultra-deep projection display system^[43]. (a) Structure; (b) display effects

Fig. 16. Display effects, structure, and improved structure of fVisiOn system. (a) Display effects^[44]; (b) system structure^[44]; (c) improved structure^[45]

Fig. 17. Structure and display principle of multiple projectors with lens array^[46]. (a) System structure; (b) display principle

Fig. 18. Actual display effect of LightBee system^[48]

Fig. 19. Display effects of projection unit systems with different extended formats ^[49]

Fig. 20. Structure and display effects of three-dimensional reconstruction system based on laser scanning projection array^[50]. (a) Structure; (b) display effects

Fig. 21. Camera array acquisition end, projection array reconstruction end, and 360° reconstruction effects of 360° real-time light field reconstruction system^[51]. (a) Camera array acquisition end; (b) projection array reconstruction end; (c) 360° reconstruction effects

Fig. 22. Principle of multi-layer display calculation

Fig. 23. System based on two-layer liquid crystal display^[52]

Fig. 24. Tensor display^[53]. (a) Structure; (b) effect

Fig. 25. Matthew system prototype^[54]

Fig. 26. Actual display effect and schematic of weighted decomposition of light field tensor^[55]. (a) Actual display effect; (b) schematic of weighted decomposition of light field tensor

Fig. 27. Different structures and corresponding algorithm models of multi-layer light field displays^[56]. (a)Structures;(b)algorithm models

Fig. 28. Integral-imaging 3D display structure diagram based on colloidal scattering layer^[57]

Fig. 29. Schematic of spatially variable information density integrated imaging 3D display based on two-dimensional metagrating complexes^[58]

Fig. 30. Schematics of vector light field display^[59]

Fig. 31. Light field display based on waveguide grating coupler array^[60]

Fig. 32. Principle of liquid crystal lens structure^[61]

Fig. 33. Principle of camera array calibration^[62]

Fig. 34. Design principle of image sensor camera^[66]. (a) Schematic of proposed system; (b) photograph showing prototype system

Fig. 35. Point cloud results based on acquisition system^[67]

Fig. 36. Network-based light field refocusing method^[68]

Fig. 37. Schematic of camera conversion^[69]

Fig. 38. Imaging system based on camera and rotating biprism^[70]

Fig. 39. Effect of mode switching^[71]

Fig. 40. Experimental results of light field refocusing^[72]

Fig. 41. Full color light field camera without chromatic aberration^[74]. (a) Schematic diagram of light-field imaging and rendered images; (b) image of achromatic metalens array under scanning electron microscope; (c) single metalens with nanopillars and GaN-based structure; (d) tilted view of GaN nanopillars

Fig. 42. Principle and basic structure of small depth camera^[76]. (a) System diagram; (b) light path diagram; (c) light field camera lens; (d) local structure of light field camera lens; (e) acquisition results

Fig. 43. Experimental results of square microlens array^[77]. (a) Original reconstruction result; (b) reconstruction result of depth-of-field extension

Fig. 44. Schematics of holographic camera^[78]. (a) Acquisition and reconstruction of holographic camera; (b) image processing

Fig. 45. Dense-view synthesis process based on unsupervised learning^[80]

Fig. 46. Real-time two-way communication system^[81]

Fig. 47. Principle of dynamic sliding fusion^[82]

Fig. 48. Reconstruction results based on image color correction and self-supervised optical flow estimation^[83]

Fig. 49. High-speed rendering principle combined with Gaussian parameters^[84]

Fig. 50. Light-field visual shell for free-viewpoint texture mapping^[85]

Fig. 51. Schematic of SPOC algorithm principle^[90]

Fig. 52. Principle of pixel interweaving mapping method^[91]. (a) Acquisition process; (b) display process

Fig. 53. Pixel fusion optimization algorithm^[96]

Fig. 54. Light field reconstruction effects of real scenes under different perspectives and corresponding original light field sampling results^[97]. (a)‒(c) Light field reconstruction effects; (d)‒(f) corresponding original light field sampling results

Fig. 55. Method of secondary sampling of three-dimensional models using virtual camera^[102]

Fig. 56. Relationship among pixels, lenses, and virtual cameras in BRTCGII method and virtual camera array formed by unit images^[110-111]. (a) Relationship among virtual cameras, pixels, and lenses; (b) virtual camera array formed by unit images

Fig. 57. Basic structure of integrated light field vision model^[118]

Fig. 58. Real-time light field reconstruction effects of dynamic three-dimensional models^[50]

Fig. 59. Principle of NeRF^[121]

Fig. 60. Implementation flowchart of Cutoff-NeRF method^[122]. (a) Implicit representation of Cutoff-NeRF scene; (b) 3D voxel quantification Cutoff-NeRF; (c) off-axis pixel encoding and display

Fig. 61. Dense-view synthesis method for three-dimensional light field display based on scene geometry reconstruction^[123]

Fig. 62. Principle diagram of high-quality three-dimensional integral imaging display system based on simplified light field image acquisition method ^[124]

Fig. 63. New view generation effects and hologram display effects^[125]. (a) New view generation effects; (b) hologram display effects

Fig. 64. Patterns used for stereoscopic display testing^[127]

Fig. 65. General principle model of three-dimensional light field display^[129]. Retinal response diagrams of reconstruction points when adjustable distance of eye is (a) equal to, (b) greater than, and (c) less than depth of reconstruction points; (d) pupil-eye model and trajectory of unit viewpoints on observation window

Fig. 66. Three-dimensional display test model^[130]

Fig. 67. Light field modulation model of holographic scatterer^[131]

Fig. 68. Framework for measuring global, local, and angular light field quality^[132]

Fig. 69. Principle of expanding field of view in time-division multiplexed light field displays and multi-directional backlight unit^[134]. (a) Principle of expanding field of view; (b) multi-directional backlight unit

Fig. 70. Dynamic three-dimensional light field display with 90° viewing angle^[135]

Fig. 71. Schematics of aliasing effect^[136]. (a) Reconstruction point is before holographic scatterer; (b) reconstruction point is after holographic scatterer

Fig. 72. Post-correction method of lens array assembly errors and effects^[138]. (a) Post-correction method; (b) effects

Fig. 73. Structure diagram and top view of large horizontal viewing angle light field display^[139]. (a) Structure diagram; (b) top view

Fig. 74. Desktop light field 3D display principle diagrams^[140]. (a) Desktop light field 3D display structure based on integral imaging; (b) principle of achieving large viewing angle by modulating compound lens array and light field scattering screen

Fig. 75. Schematic of 3D HUD with multiple extended depth of field^[141]