[1] Paxton W F, Kistler K C, Olmeda C C, Ayusman , Angelo S K, Cao Y Y, Mallouk T E, Lammert P E, Crespi V H[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 3424(2004).

[2] Deseigne J, Leonard S, Dauchot O, Chate H[J]. Soft Matter, 8, 5629(2012).

[3] Martin A[J]. Biotechniques, 44, 564(2008).

[4] Tim S, Chen D T N, Stephen J D, Michael H, Zvonimir D[J]. Nature, 491, 431(2012).

[5] Scot K C, James L M[J]. Nature, 407, 1026(2000).

[6] Karsten K, Jülicher F[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1778(2000).

[7] Grimm V, Revilla E, Berger U, Jeltsch F, Mooij W, Steven F, Hans-Hermann T, Jacob W, Thorsten W, Donald L D[J]. Science, 310, 987(2005).

[8] Gregoire G, Chate H[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 025702(2004).

[9] Lifshitz E M, Pitaevskii L P[J]. Physical Kinetics, 89-92(1999).

[10] Loi D, Mossa S, Cugliandolo L F[J]. Phys. Rev. E, 77, 051111(2008).

[11] Shen T, Wolynes P G[J]. Phys. Rev. E, 72, 041927(2005).

[12] Wang S, Wolynes P G[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 15184(2011).

[13] Solon A P, Stenhammar J, Wittkowski R, Kardar M, Kafri Y, Cates M E, Tailleur J[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 114, 198301(2015).

[14] Takatori S C, Yan W, Brandy J F[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 113, 028103(2014).

[15] Yang X B, Manning L M, Marchetti M C[J]. Soft Matter, 10, 6477(2014).

[16] Takatori S C, Dier R D, Vermant J, Brady J F[J]. Nat. Commun., 7, 10694(2016).

[17] Ginot F, Theurkauff I, Levis D, Ybert C, Bocquet L, Berthier L, Cottin-Bizonne C[J]. Phys. Rev. X, 5, 011004(2015).

[18] Foss D R, Brandy J F[J]. J. Rheol., 44, 629(2000).

[19] Liu C L, Fu X F, Liu L Z, Ren X J, Chau Carlos K L, Li S H, Xiang L, Zeng H L, Chen G H, Tang L H, Lenz P, Cui X D, Huang W, Hwa T, Huang J D[J]. Science, 334, 238(2011).

[20] Baskaran A, Marchetti M C[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 268101(2008).

[21] Solon A P, Fily Y, Baskaran A, Cates M E, Kafri Y, Kardar M, Tailleur J[J]. Nat. Phys., 11, 673(2015).

[22] Junot G, Briand G, Ledesma-Alonso R, Dauchot O[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 119, 028002(2017).

[23] , Tang Y H, Lu D N[J]. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 280-286(2011).

[24] Xu X S, Zhang W X, et al[J]. Theorey of Practical Equation of State, 87-90(1986).

[25] Fily Y, Marchetti M[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108, 235702(2012).

[26] Tailleur J, Cates M[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 218103(2008).

[27] Palacci J, Cottin-Bizonne C, Ybert C, Bocquet L[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 088304(2010).

[28] Buttinoni I, Bialké J, Kümmel F, Löwen H, Bechinger C, Speck T[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 110, 238301(2013).

[29] Marchetti M, Joanny J, Ramaswamy S, Liverpool T, Prost J, Rao M, Simha R[J]. Rev. Mod. Phys., 85, 1143(2013).

[30] Bechinger C, Leonardo R D, Lowen H, Reichhardt C, Volpe G, Volpe G[J]. Rev. Mod. Phys., 88, 045006(2016).

[31] Saragosti J, Silberzan P, Buguin A[J]. Plos One, 7, 35412(2012).

[32] Alexandre S P, Fily Y, Baskaran A, Cates M E, Kafri Y, Kardar M, Tailleur J[J]. Nat. Phys., 11, 673 (Supplementary i(2015).

[33] Ho C C, Keller A, Odell J A, Ottewill R H[J]. Colloid Polym. Sci., 271, 469(1993).

[34] Han Y, Alsayed A M, Nobili M, Zhang J, Lubensky T C, Yodh A G[J]. Science, 314, 626(2006).