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Journal of Semiconductors, Volume. 46, Issue 6, 062101(2025)

Intensity correlation distribution in gain-switched semiconductor laser for quantum key distribution

Yuanfei Gao1、*, Tao Wang1,2, Yixin Wang2, and Zhiliang Yuan1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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    [1] N Gisin, G Ribordy, W Tittel et al. Quantum cryptography. Rev Mod Phys, 74, 145(2002).

    [2] B Fröhlich, J F Dynes, M Lucamarini et al. A quantum access network. Nature, 501, 69(2013).

    [3] T E Chapuran, P Toliver, N A Peters et al. Optical networking for quantum key distribution and quantum communications. New J Phys, 11, 105001(2009).

    [4] M Sasaki, M Fujiwara, H Ishizuka et al. Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network. Opt Express, 19, 10387(2011).

    [5] T Y Chen, J Wang, H Liang et al. Metropolitan all-pass and inter-city quantum communication network. Opt Express, 18, 27217(2010).

    [6] X B Wang. Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography. Phys Rev Lett, 94, 230503(2005).

    [7] H K Lo, X F Ma, K Chen. Decoy state quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett, 94, 230504(2005).

    [8] X B Wang, L Yang, C Z Peng et al. Decoy-state quantum key distribution with both source errors and statistical fluctuations. New J Phys, 11, 075006(2009).

    [9] X B Wang, C Z Peng, J Zhang et al. General theory of decoy-state quantum cryptography with source errors. Phys Rev A, 77, 042311(2008).

    [10] N Lütkenhaus, M Jahma. Quantum key distribution with realistic states: Photon-number statistics in the photon-number splitting attack. New J Phys, 4, 44(2002).

    [11] V Scarani, H Bechmann-Pasquinucci, N J Cerf et al. The security of practical quantum key distribution. Rev Mod Phys, 81, 1301(2009).

    [12] F Grünenfelder, A Boaron, D Rusca et al. Performance and security of 5 GHz repetition rate polarization-based quantum key distribution. Appl Phys Lett, 117, 144003(2020).

    [13] K Nakata, A Tomita, M Fujiwara et al. Intensity fluctuation of a gain-switched semiconductor laser for quantum key distribution systems. Opt Express, 25, 622(2017).

    [14] Y F Gao, Z L Yuan. Suppression of patterning effect using IQ modulator for high-speed quantum key distribution systems. Opt Lett, 48, 1068(2023).

    [15] T Kobayashi, A Tomita, A Okamoto. Evaluation of the phase randomness of a light source in quantum-key-distribution systems with an attenuated laser. Phys Rev A, 90, 032320(2014).

    [16] H K Lo, J Preskill. Security of quantum key distribution using weak coherent states with nonrandom phases. Quantum Inf Comput, 7, 431(2007).

    [17] Z L Yuan, M Lucamarini, J F Dynes et al. Robust random number generation using steady-state emission of gain-switched laser diodes. Appl Phys Lett, 104, 261112(2014).

    [18] R Shakhovoy, M Puplauskis, V Sharoglazova et al. Phase randomness in a semiconductor laser: Issue of quantum random-number generation. Phys Rev A, 107, 012616(2023).

    [19] J F Dynes, Z L Yuan, A W Sharpe et al. Probing higher order correlations of the photon field with photon number resolving avalanche photodiodes. Opt Express, 19, 13268(2011).

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    Yuanfei Gao, Tao Wang, Yixin Wang, Zhiliang Yuan. Intensity correlation distribution in gain-switched semiconductor laser for quantum key distribution[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(6): 062101

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    Paper Information

    Category: Research Articles

    Received: Sep. 27, 2024

    Accepted: --

    Published Online: Jun. 30, 2025

    The Author Email: Yuanfei Gao (YFGao)

    DOI:10.1088/1674-4926/24090052

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology