Fig. 1. Age distribution of the sample compared to the sixth national census

Fig. 2. Residential density distributions by the age group of the sample in Shanghai in 2017

Fig. 3. Residential location distributions by the age group of the sample in Shanghai in 2017

Fig. 4. Overall employment density distribution of the sample in Shanghai in 2017

Fig. 5. Commuting distance distributions by the age group of the samplein Shanghai in 2017

Fig. 6. Optimized commuting distance distributions by the age group of the sample in Shanghai in 2017

Fig. 7. Commuting distance changes by the age group of the sample in Shanghai

Fig. 8. Optimized residential location distributions by the age group of the sample in Shanghai

Fig. 9. Distributions of residential changes and commuting distance changes after the optimization by the age group of the sample in Shanghai