Fig. 1. Geographical location and distribution maps of coal fields

Fig. 2. Spatial distributions of AOD in Zhundong coalfield. (a) Mean of AOD from 2005 to 2020; (b) STD of AOD from 2005 to 2020; (c) AOD in spring; (d) AOD in summer; (e) AOD in autumn; (f) AOD in winter

Fig. 3. Time variation of AOD in Zhundong coalfield. (a) Interannual variation of AOD; (b) monthly variation of AOD

Fig. 4. Simulation results of Mie model. (a) Extinction coefficient; (b) BC core; (c) BC particle number density; (d) BC mass concentration

Fig. 5. Information on core-shell particle size distribution of light-absorbing aerosols constrained by Mie model. (a) Size distribution of BC core; (b) size distribution of shell; (c) distribution of ratio of core size to shell size of BC; (d) monthly variation of BC core size; (e) monthly variation of shell size

Fig. 6. Particle number density of Mie model varying with time in Wucaiwan Mining and Dajing Mining. (a) Estimation result of BC particle number density in Wucaiwan; (b) estimation result of BC particle number density in Dajing; (c) interannual variation; (d) monthly variation

Fig. 7. Mass concentration of Mie model in Wucaiwan Mining and Dajing Mining varying with time. (a) Estimation result of BC mass concentration in Wucaiwan; (b) estimation result of BC mass concentration in Dajing; (c) interannual variation; (d) monthly variation

Fig. 8. Comparison of results of BC mass concentration in Zhundong coalfield from 2005 to 2020. (a) Comparison of BC mass concentration (results of Mie model, MERRA-2, and Liu et al.); (b) comparison of BC particle number density (results of Mie model and Liu et al.)

Fig. 9. Comparison of monthly radiative forcing results for the Zhundong coalfield from 2005 to 2020. (a) Monthly radiative forcing in the Wucaiwan (SBDART and MERRA-2); (b) monthly radiative forcing in the Dajing (SBDART and MERRA-2)

Fig. 10. Radiative forcing in Wucaiwan mining and Dajing mining varying with time. (a) Interannual variation of radiative forcing in Wucaiwan; (b) interannual variation of radiative forcing in Dajing; (c) monthly variation of radiative forcing in Wucaiwan; (d) monthly variation of radiative forcing in Dajing