Fig. 1. Roadmap of all-optical physiology

Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of the working principle of the gene encoding calcium indicated fluorescent protein, voltage indicated fluorescent protein and opsin. (a) Calcium indicated fluorescent protein; (b) voltage indicated fluorescent protein which reports depolarization with reduced fluorescence; (c) voltage indicated fluorescent protein which reports depolarization with increased fluorescence; (d) excited opsin; (e) inhibited opsin

Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of the optical path of typical all-optical physiological systems. (a) Single-photon imaging combined with single-photon optogenetics; (b) two-photon imaging combined with two-photon optogenetics; (c) single-photon imaging combined with two-photon optogenetics; (d) two-photon imaging combined with single-photon optogenetics

Fig. 4. Typical imaging results. (a) Single photon imaging of the brain film in vitro; (b) two-photon imaging of mouse sensory cortex in vivo

Fig. 5. High-speed imaging strategies. (a) Multi-plane confocal microscopic imaging^[98]; (b) two-photon imaging combined with holographic multi foci by random scanning^[65]; (c) two-photon tomography fluorescence scanning imaging^[99]; (d) two-photon imaging based on optical phase-locked ultrasonic lens^[100]; (e) two-photon imaging based on Bessel beam^[101]

Fig. 6. Optogenetics regulatory strategies for extended field of view. (a) Time-shared field of view extension^[117]; (b) SLM-shared field of view extension^[118]