Fig. 1. Schematic of PVSFlab. (a) Schematic of the optical path; (b) physical map; (c) comparison of old and new prisms

Fig. 2. Locations of four sampling points in Qiandao Lake

Fig. 3. Verification comparison of prisms. (a) Comparison of the baseline measurement results of the new prism and Chami-like prism; (b) comparison of measurement results of the new prism before and after the angle calibration; (c) comparison of the measurement results of the new prism and Chami-like prism for 3-μm diameter standard particles; (d) comparison of attenuation coefficient between PVSFlab and PE Lambda 35

Fig. 4. Baseline signal measurement results for different combinations of polarization and analysis angles (taking the pure water scattering signal measured at 532 nm as an example)

Fig. 5. Comparison of the measured results and theoretical calculated values of 3-μm diameter polystyrene standard particles in the 532 nm waveband

Fig. 6. Measurement results of backscattering coefficient measured by PVSFlab and HS6. (a) Comparison of measurement results between HS6 and PVSFlab at β(140°); (b) normalized spectral distribution of backscattering coefficient（b_bp）of HS6 at station A1; (c) normalized spectral distribution of backscattering coefficient of HS6 at stations B1, B2, and B3

Fig. 7. Polarized volume scattering measurement results at station A1 in Qiandao Lake

Fig. 8. Polarized volume scattering measurement results at stations B1, B2, and B3 in Qiandao Lake