To improve the wear resistance of titanium alloy blades used in aircraft engines, three composite materials, namely micro-TiN/Ti6Al4V, nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V, and micro/nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V, were prepared via laser-directed energy deposition. Micro-TiN partially melted and dispersed within the Ti6Al4V matrix, leading to particle strengthening. Meanwhile, nano-TiN completely dissolved and solidified within the Ti6Al4V matrix, leading to solid solution strengthening. With variations in the melt-pool temperature and nitrogen content, primary and eutectic TixN phases formed in the nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V and micro/nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V structures, exhibiting dendritic, flower-like, and whisker-like microstructures that promoted grain refinement. The microhardness values (wear rates) of the micro-, micro/nano-, and nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V composite materials were 510 HV_0.2 (7.8 mg), 565 HV_0.2 (6.9 mg), and 604 HV_0.2 (5.3 mg), respectively. Compared with that of Ti6Al4V, the microhardness values of micro-, micro/nano-, and nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V increased by 19.4%, 32.1%, and 41.5%, respectively, and the wear rates decreased by 13.3%, 23.3%, and 41.1%, respectively. Notably, nano-TiN/Ti6Al4V exhibited the highest microhardness value and optimal wear resistance.