Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 15, 1500012(2025)
Research Progress in Nonlinear Optical Limiting Materials (Invited)
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of optical limiting. (a) Variation of transmittance with incident laser intensity; (b) variation of output intensity with input intensity
Fig. 5. Numerical simulation of optical limiting curves. (a) Numerical simulation curves of optical limiting under different ratios of excited-state absorption cross section to ground state absorption cross section; (b) numerical simulation curves of optical limiting under different excited state lifetimes
Fig. 6. Schematic of two-photon absorption and its induced excited state absorption
Fig. 8. Optical limiting curves of coumarin-120 at (a) 690 nm, (b) 780 nm, (c) 840 nm, and (d) 900 nm[23]
Fig. 9. Optical limiting curves of two pyrene-based derivatives[26]. (a) Molecular structures; (b) ultrafast optical limiting of P1 as a function of the input intensity at 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 532 nm, and 515 nm with 190 fs excitation; (c) comparison of optical limiting for P1 and P2 at 532 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, and 800 nm
Fig. 10. Optical limiting curves for C60 toluene solutions with 80% and 63% transmittance at 7 ns and 532 nm[56]
Fig. 11. Optical limiting of fullerene derivatives complexed with gold nanoparticles[75]. (a) Comparison of absorptive OL results of C60tpy-Au, C60bpy-Au, C60tpy, and C60bpy in chloroform with that of C60 in toluene with an identical linear transmission of 70%; (b) comparison of refractive OL results of C60tpy-Au, C60bpy-Au, C60tpy, and C60bpy in chloroform with the absorptive OL result of C60 in toluene with an identical linear transmission of 70%
Fig. 12. Molecular structure and optical limiting curves of porphyrin nanohybrids based on polypyrrole[81]. (a) Molecular structure of porphyrin nanohybrids; (b) optical limiting curves at 532 nm in nanoseconds
Fig. 13. Molecular structures and optical limiting curves of phthalocyanine compounds[91]. (a) Molecular structures of phthalocyanine compounds; (b) optical limiting curves of Si(OR)2Pc (diamonds) and Si(OR)2PcI4 (circles) in toluene solution at 532 nm in nanoseconds
Fig. 14. Two covalent organic frameworks and their input-output energy curves. (a) Covalent organic frameworks of MPc-PI-COF-1 and MPc-PI-COF-3 (M=Cu(II), H2); (b) input-output energy density curves[120]
Fig. 15. Optical limiting curves of Pt(II) complexes and their hybridised carbon quantum dots[142]
Fig. 16. Experimental results of {M4X4}[154]. (a) Illustration of the Z-scan measurement; (b) open-aperture Z-scan plots of PDMS and InOC-15 to InOC-19 (inset: photo of InOCs@PDMS film); (c) comparison of the nonlinear transmittance and nonlinear absorption coefficients of InOC-15 to InOC-19; (d) curves of output fluence versus input fluence for PDMS and InOC-15 to InOC-19; (e) variation in the normalized transmittance as a function of input fluence for PDMS and InOC-15 to InOC-19
Fig. 17. Femtosecond optical limiting curves of DPDA at 480 nm, 532 nm, 600 nm, and 700 nm[162]
Fig. 18. Optical limiting of DPDA solution at 21 ps, 532 nm (solid lines is numerical fitting, dash line is the simulation of optical limiting curve without excited state absorption)[162]
Fig. 19. Molecular structures of twistacenes and optical limiting curves of twistacene 5[166]. (a) Molecular structures of 2, 4, 5, and 7; (b) optical limiting curves of twistacene 5 under femtosecond pulses; (c) optical limiting curve of twistacene 5 at 532 nm under picosecond pulses
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Wenfa Zhou, Yinglin Song. Research Progress in Nonlinear Optical Limiting Materials (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(15): 1500012
Category: Reviews
Received: Jun. 10, 2025
Accepted: Jul. 3, 2025
Published Online: Aug. 8, 2025
The Author Email: Yinglin Song (ylsong@hit.edu.cn)
CSTR:32186.14.LOP251420