With technological developments, complex optoelectronic application environments have increased the requirements for optical materials and their properties. Due to their excellent comprehensive performance and relatively mature preparation technology, optoelectronic applications of sapphire have attracted considerable attention. Sapphire has high spectral transmission performance in multiple spectral bands such as ultraviolet, visible light, and mid-wave IR, and maintains relatively stable optical performance under complex usage conditions. It is frequently used in hypersonic missile domes, airborne IR optical windows, optoelectronic mast windows, and high-end civilian optical components. Doped sapphire can be used as an optical component in lasers and thermoluminescence detectors, and sapphire fibers can be used in high-temperature sensors. The basic characteristics of sapphire crystal materials and their research progress in optoelectronic applications are summarized, and future development trends are discussed.