Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of LDED

Fig. 2. Schematic of energy transfer and force analysis of the molten pool during LDED^［9］

Fig. 3. Thermal property parameters of 316 L stainless steel. (a) Density; (b) thermal conductivity; (c) enthalpy; (d) specific heat capacity

Fig. 4. Thermal property parameters of Q235 steel. (a) Density; (b) thermal conductivity; (c) enthalpy; (d) specific heat capacity

Fig. 5. Geometric model and meshing

Fig. 6. Experimental platform of LDED

Fig. 7. Molten pool morphology validation. (a) Molten pool morphology measurement; (b) comparison of experimental (left) and simulated (right) molten pool morphology

Fig. 8. Temperature validation. (a) Temperature measurement points in simulation; (b) positions of the thermocouple in the experiment

Fig. 9. Comparison between experimental and simulated temperatures. (a) Point 1; (b) point 2

Fig. 10. Transverse cross-sectional temperature field distributions of molten pool under different laser powers. (a) 1000 W; (b) 1200 W; (c) 1400 W; (d) 1600 W

Fig. 11. Top view of molten pool temperature field under different scanning speeds. (a) 8 mm/s; (b) 10 mm/s; (c) 12 mm/s; (d) 14 mm/s

Fig. 12. Temperature variation over time at the midpoint for different scanning speeds

Fig. 13. Longitudinal cross-sectional temperature field distributions of the molten pool at different powder feeding rates. (a) 0.070 g/s; (b) 0.095 g/s; (c) 0.120 g/s; (d) 0.145 g/s

Fig. 14. Molten pool flow field distribution

Fig. 15. Influence of process parameters on the peak flow velocity of the molten pool

Fig. 16. Temperature variation over time at the midpoint of different tracks during multiple overlapping deposition

Fig. 17. Schematic illustration of the molten pool heat transfer. (a) Single symmetrical track; (b) single asymmetric track; (c) multiple track overlapping

Fig. 18. Transverse cross-sectional solid-liquid phase diagrams of molten pool in adjacent tracks during multiple overlapping deposition