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Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 9, 0900012(2024)

Research Advances of Visible Supercontinuum Generation in Graded-Index Multimode Fibers

Jingsui Li1, Bo Li1, Dan Zhang1,2,3, Shengping Chen1,2,3、*, and Xiaojun Xu1,2,3
Author Affiliations
  • 1College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China
  • 2Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (14)
    Equations (6)
    References (42)
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    Figures & Tables(14)
    Spatial self-imaging of Gaussian beams propagating in graded-index multimode fibers[39]

    Fig. 1. Spatial self-imaging of Gaussian beams propagating in graded-index multimode fibers[39]

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    Numerical simulation of spectrum evolution of laser in graded-index multimode fibers[7]. (a) Relationship between spectrum evolution and transmission distance; (b) output spectrum of pump light after 0.12 m and 0.22 m transmission

    Fig. 2. Numerical simulation of spectrum evolution of laser in graded-index multimode fibers[7]. (a) Relationship between spectrum evolution and transmission distance; (b) output spectrum of pump light after 0.12 m and 0.22 m transmission

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    Red-shifted and blue-shifted spectral peaks generated in graded-index multimode fibers with 1550 nm laser[22]. (a) Experimental results; (b) simulation results

    Fig. 3. Red-shifted and blue-shifted spectral peaks generated in graded-index multimode fibers with 1550 nm laser[22]. (a) Experimental results; (b) simulation results

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    Simulation (upper solid line), experimental (lower solid line), and calculated (dotted line) results of GPI sideband generated in graded-index multimode fibers[7]

    Fig. 4. Simulation (upper solid line), experimental (lower solid line), and calculated (dotted line) results of GPI sideband generated in graded-index multimode fibers[7]

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    Supercontinuum generation in 28.5 m graded-index multimode fiber with 185 kW peak power laser[4]. (a) Experimental structure; (b) output spectrum

    Fig. 5. Supercontinuum generation in 28.5 m graded-index multimode fiber with 185 kW peak power laser[4]. (a) Experimental structure; (b) output spectrum

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    Supercontinuum generation in 12 m graded-index multimode fiber with 51.8 kW peak power laser[32]

    Fig. 6. Supercontinuum generation in 12 m graded-index multimode fiber with 51.8 kW peak power laser[32]

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    Generation of supercontinuum in graded-index multimode fiber with all-fiber structure[35-36]

    Fig. 7. Generation of supercontinuum in graded-index multimode fiber with all-fiber structure[35-36]

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    Effects of laser peak powers and graded-index fiber lengths on output spectra (lengths of fibers on left and right are 6 m and 11 m, respectively) [4]

    Fig. 8. Effects of laser peak powers and graded-index fiber lengths on output spectra (lengths of fibers on left and right are 6 m and 11 m, respectively) [4]

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    Experimental results of output spectra with different laser peak powers and graded-index multimode fiber lengths[32]. (a) Output spectra with different laser peak powers; (b) output spectra with different graded-index multimode fiber lengths

    Fig. 9. Experimental results of output spectra with different laser peak powers and graded-index multimode fiber lengths[32]. (a) Output spectra with different laser peak powers; (b) output spectra with different graded-index multimode fiber lengths

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    Output spectra and spots of 1550 nm laser injected into graded-index multimode fiber in coaxial and off-axis excitation conditions[34]. (a) Theoretical simulation results in two cases; (b) experimental results of output spectra in near-infrared and visible domains (above is coaxial excitation and below is off-axis excitation)

    Fig. 10. Output spectra and spots of 1550 nm laser injected into graded-index multimode fiber in coaxial and off-axis excitation conditions[34]. (a) Theoretical simulation results in two cases; (b) experimental results of output spectra in near-infrared and visible domains (above is coaxial excitation and below is off-axis excitation)

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    GPI sidebands generated in graded-index multimode fibers with core diameters of 60 μm and 80 μm, respectively[18]. (a) Simulation results of gain spectrum; (b) simulation results of output spectra; (c) output spectrum of graded-index multimode fiber with core diameter of 60 μm; (d) output spectrum of graded-index multimode fiber with core diameter of 80 μm

    Fig. 11. GPI sidebands generated in graded-index multimode fibers with core diameters of 60 μm and 80 μm, respectively[18]. (a) Simulation results of gain spectrum; (b) simulation results of output spectra; (c) output spectrum of graded-index multimode fiber with core diameter of 60 μm; (d) output spectrum of graded-index multimode fiber with core diameter of 80 μm

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    Influence of core refractive index profile on output spectrum[33]. (a) Core refractive index profiles of two fibers (above is nearly parabolic profile, below is parabolic profile with a dip on top); (b) experimental results of output spectrum with a 36 kW peak power injected into a 10 m graded-index multimode fiber with refractive index profile without (upper curve) and with (lower curve) a dip on top, respectively

    Fig. 12. Influence of core refractive index profile on output spectrum[33]. (a) Core refractive index profiles of two fibers (above is nearly parabolic profile, below is parabolic profile with a dip on top); (b) experimental results of output spectrum with a 36 kW peak power injected into a 10 m graded-index multimode fiber with refractive index profile without (upper curve) and with (lower curve) a dip on top, respectively

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    • Table 1. Research results of visible light generation in graded-index multimode fibers

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      Table 1. Research results of visible light generation in graded-index multimode fibers

      YearReferencePeak power and wavelength of input pulsed laserLength and core size of multimode fiberStructureShortest wavelength
      2015［22］1550 nm1 mSpatial structure516 nm
      2016［7］50 kW，1064 nm6 m，52.1 μmSpatial structure450 nm
      2016［4］185 kW，1064 nm28.5 m，50 μmSpatial structure450 nm
      2016［32］51.8 kW，1064 nm12 m，52 μmSpatial structure500 nm
      2022［35］180 kW，1053 nm20 m，50 μmAll-fiber structure450 nm
      2023［36］260 kW，1053 nm5 m，four-mode graded-index fiberAll-fiber structure350 nm

    • Table 2. Effect of different conditions on visible light generation in graded-index multimode fibers

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      Table 2. Effect of different conditions on visible light generation in graded-index multimode fibers

      ParameterReferenceConclusion
      Pump laserPeak power［4，32］Higher peak power produces a broader and smoother spectrum
      Incident condition［34］On-axis excitation can generate more short-wave spectral components and spectrum is also smoother
      Graded-index multimode fiberLength［4，32］Longer fiber produces a smoother spectrum，but too long fiber will inhibit visible light
      Core size［18］Larger core size of graded-index multimode fiber and smaller frequency shift of GPI sidebands
      Index profile［33］Parabolic profile graded-index multimode fiber has higher frequency conversion efficiency
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    Jingsui Li, Bo Li, Dan Zhang, Shengping Chen, Xiaojun Xu. Research Advances of Visible Supercontinuum Generation in Graded-Index Multimode Fibers[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(9): 0900012

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    Paper Information

    Category: Reviews

    Received: Dec. 15, 2022

    Accepted: Jan. 10, 2023

    Published Online: May. 6, 2024

    The Author Email: Shengping Chen (chespn@163.com)

    DOI:10.3788/LOP223336

    CSTR:32186.14.LOP223336

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology