Digital Holographic Focusing Using Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Lanczos Interpolation

Zixin Gao; Yongan Zhang; Pei Liu; Wenbin Bi; Ruijin Fu; Yaping Zhang

doi:10.3788/LOP250485

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 14, 1409001(2025)

Digital Holographic Focusing Using Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Lanczos Interpolation

Zixin Gao^1,2, Yongan Zhang^1,2、*, Pei Liu^1,2, Wenbin Bi^1,2, Ruijin Fu^1,2, and Yaping Zhang^1,2

Author Affiliations

¹Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan , China

²Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Information Optics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan , China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. Recording optical path of off-axis digital holography

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Fig. 2. Calculation method of gray-level co-occurrence matrix for reconstructed images

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Fig. 3. Reconstructed images and their contrast of normalized gray-level co-occurrence matrix obtained by Lanczos interpolation algorithm under different parameters selection. (a)‒(d) Reconstructed images obtained at different scaling ratios when a takes 2; (e)‒(h) reconstructed images obtained at different scaling ratios when a takes 3; (i) contrast of normalized gray-level co-occurrence matrix at different scaling ratios when a takes 2; (j) contrast of normalized gray-level co-occurrence matrix at different scaling ratios when a takes 3

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Fig. 4. Numerically simulated hologram and the angular spectrum reconstructed images. (a) Numerically simulated off-axis hologram; (b) reconstructed image obtained by angular spectrum propagation without interpolation; (c) reconstructed image obtained by angular spectrum propagation after interpolation

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Fig. 5. Normalized focusing curves of the numerically simulated hologram of the resolution plate

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Fig. 6. Normalized autofocusing curves of resolution plate obtained by different methods

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Fig. 7. Hologram and reconstructed image of resolution plate captured in the experiment. (a) Off-axis digital hologram of resolution plate; (b) reconstructed image at reconstruction distance of 70.4 mm

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Fig. 8. Experimental autofocusing results of gastric wall section cells. (a) Off-axis digital hologram of gastric wall section cells; (b) normalized autofocusing curves; (c) clear reconstructed image at a focusing distance of 17 mm; (d) reconstructed phase

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Fig. 9. Experimental autofocusing results of phase pattern gastric wall section cells. (a) Off-axis digital hologram of phase pattern gastric wall section cells; (b) normalized autofocusing curve; (c) clear reconstructed image at a focusing distance of 19 mm; (d) reconstructed phase

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Table 1. Time consuming of focusing algorithm at different parameters selection
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Table 1. Time consuming of focusing algorithm at different parameters selection
a Time consuming /s
p=1 p=0.5 p=0.1 p=0.05
2 67.3016 47.1605 38.1906 38.0030
3 67.4070 47.1909 38.7288 38.7325

Table 2. Comparison of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the numerically simulated hologram of the resolution plate

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Table 2. Comparison of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the numerically simulated hologram of the resolution plate

Method	R	S	V	Time consuming /s
DIF	8.7856	0.0152	0.0064	79.7517
TOG	1.1470	0.0148	0.0374	36.9019
GRA	1.2678	0.3914	0.0583	40.0532
GOG	1.1717	0.0203	0.0387	36.7217
GLCM+Lanczos	96.7017	2.1113	0.0466	67.3753 （without interpolation） 37.2158 （after interpolation）

Table 3. Comparisons of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of resolution plate recorded in the experiment

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Table 3. Comparisons of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of resolution plate recorded in the experiment

Method	R	S	V	Time consuming /s
DIF	1.0676	0.0048	0.0064	163.7339
TOG	1.0819	0.0019	0.0201	77.8658
GRA	1.0326	0.0113	0.0055	81.6226
GOG	1.1440	0.0033	0.0345	73.5084
GLCM+Lanczos	54.0357	0.0819	0.2367	134.3357 （without interpolation） 75.5574 （after interpolation）

Table 4. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

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Table 4. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

Method	R	S	V	Time consuming /s
DIF	1.1720			90.3391
TOG	1.0197	0.0043	0.0049	43.0428
GRA	1.0349	0.0086	0.0014	45.8793
GOG	1.0349	0.0033	0.0097	42.8186
GLCM+Lanczos	82.2571	0.1912	0.0186	73.6745 （without interpolation） 44.4098 （after interpolation）

Table 5. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of phase pattern gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

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Table 5. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of phase pattern gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

Method	R	S	V	Time consuming /s
DIF	1.0786	0.0981	0.0206	69.4009
TOG	1.0251	0.0157	0.0076	33.0046
GRA	1.0555	0.0388	0.0153	35.6473
GOG	1.0558	0.0194	0.0151	33.0046
GLCM+Lanczos	135.2813	0.2241	0.0125	59.6190 （without interpolation） 34.0101 （after interpolation）

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Zixin Gao, Yongan Zhang, Pei Liu, Wenbin Bi, Ruijin Fu, Yaping Zhang. Digital Holographic Focusing Using Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Lanczos Interpolation[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(14): 1409001

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Paper Information

Category: Holography

Received: Jan. 9, 2025

Accepted: Feb. 5, 2025

Published Online: Jul. 3, 2025

The Author Email: Yongan Zhang (1295720542@qq.com)

DOI:10.3788/LOP250485

CSTR:32186.14.LOP250485

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Time consuming of focusing algorithm at different parameters selection

Table 1. Time consuming of focusing algorithm at different parameters selection

Table 2. Comparison of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the numerically simulated hologram of the resolution plate

Table 2. Comparison of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the numerically simulated hologram of the resolution plate

Table 3. Comparisons of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of resolution plate recorded in the experiment

Table 3. Comparisons of focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of resolution plate recorded in the experiment

Table 4. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

Table 4. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

Table 5. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of phase pattern gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment

Table 5. Comparisons of the focusing performance of different focusing methods on the holograms of phase pattern gastric wall section cells recorded in the experiment