Fig. 1. Block diagram of carbon dioxide column concentration inversion algorithm

Fig. 2. Measurement results of IPDA lidar on September 12, 2022 over the Karlsruhe site. (a) Trajectory of IPDA lidar passing through the German region (circle: ≤60 km; hexagram: location of Karlsruhe site); (b) trajectory of IPDA lidar passing through the Karlsruhe site (circle: ≤60 km); (c) XCO₂ time series of IPDA lidar and TCCON

Fig. 3. Comparison of XCO₂ of IPDA lidar with TCCON site data. (a) Scatterplot of XCO₂ for TCCON and IPDA lidar; (b) difference between XCO₂ of IPDA lidar and TCCON site data

Fig. 4. Comparison of results between IPDA lidar and OCO-2. (a) Trajectories of IPDA lidar and OCO-2 over the Caltech site; (b) scatter plots of XCO₂ varying with latitude for IPDA lidar and OCO-2; (c) scatter plots of XCO₂ difference between IPDA lidar and OCO-2

Fig. 5. Land cover type map of the satellite flight area on August 8 and August 9, 2022 (circle: trajectory of IPDA lidar; triangle: trajectory of OCO-2)

Fig. 6. 7 h forward trajectory diagrams of Los Angeles on 8 August and 9 August, 2022. (a) 7 h forward trajectory of Los Angeles on 8 August (transit date of OCO-2); (b) 7 h forward trajectory of Los Angeles on 9 August (transit date of IPDA lidar)

Fig. 7. Comparison of data products of IPDA lidar and CT with TCCON. (a) Scatterplot and difference of XCO₂ between IPDA lidar and TCCON; (b) scatterplot and difference of XCO₂ between CT and TCCON

Fig. 8. Global XCO₂ distributions and monthly average values measured by IPDA lidar from June to September 2022 at different spatial resolutions. (a)-(d) IPDA lidar measurement results and (e) monthly average from June to September at 50 km spatial resolution; (f)-(i) IPDA lidar measurement results and (j) monthly average from June to September at 100 km spatial resolution

Fig. 9. Detection precision of IPDA lidar from June to September 2022. (a)(b) Detection precision of IPDA lidar at 50 km spatial resolution (grid size is 0.5°×0.5°); (c)(d) detection precision of IPDA lidar at 100 km spatial resolution (grid size is 1°×1°)

Fig. 10. XCO₂ detection precision histograms of IPDA lidar in the Sahara Desert and Shanghai, China. (a) Detection precision of IPDA lidar in the Sahara Desert; (b) detection precision of IPDA lidar in Shanghai, China