Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa<sub>4</sub>Se<sub>7</sub>

Fig. 4. Schematic of BGSe-OPO^[27]. (a) Schematic of BGSe OPO in a linear cavity; (b) schematic of BGSe OPO in a ring cavity; (c) linear cavity output power versus incident pump power; (d) ring cavity OPO M² of signal light in the x and y directions

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Fig. 5. Experimental device of MIR generation with BGSe crystal^[30]

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Fig. 6. OPO process of BGSe crystal and peak wavelength of idle frequency light at different temperatures^[31]. (a) Schematic of experimental setup; (b) peak wavelength of idler light of BGSe (56.3°，0°) at 30140°C

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Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)＋ A_4i/(λ²－A_5i) in Refs. [8-10] and $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)－A_4iλ² in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

View table

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)＋ A_4i/(λ²－A_5i) in Refs. [8-10] and $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)－A_4iλ² in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Validity range	n	A₁	A₂	A₃	A₄	A₅	Ref.
0.48-10.4 μm	n_x	7.410040	0.293340	0.051215	1265.119	1896.441	[8]
	n_y	7.323096	0.292889	0.052725	1182.324	1573.474
	n_z	7.764197	0.326812	0.069734	1297.079	1975.857
0.5-2.5 μm	n_x	5.952953	0.250172	0.081614	0.001709	-	[11]
	n_y	6.021794	0.256951	0.079191	0.001925	-
	n_z	6.293976	0.282648	0.094057	0.002579	-
2-11 μm	n_x	7.405114	0.225316	0.051215	1782.091	1170.528	[9]
	n_y	7.388458	0.224481	0.052725	1778.441	1238.145
	n_z	7.622884	0.238018	0.069734	1885.307	1303.370
0.901-10.591 μm	n_x	6.72431	0.26375	0.04248	602.97	749.87	[10]
	n_y	6.86603	0.26816	0.04259	682.97	781.78
	n_z	7.16709	0.32681	0.06973	731.86	790.16

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dn_i/dT＝(B_1iλ^－3－B_2iλ^－2＋B_3iλ^－1＋B_4i)×10^－4 (℃^－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

View table

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dn_i/dT＝(B_1iλ^－3－B_2iλ^－2＋B_3iλ^－1＋B_4i)×10^－4 (℃^－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Validity ranges	dn/dT	B₁	B₂	B₃	B₄	Ref.
25-150 ℃	dn_x/dT	0.6837	1.7607	1.6316	0.0318	[12]
	dn_y/dT	0.2692	0.3112	0.2201	0.4867
	dn_z/dT	0.7223	1.5170	1.2953	0.1296
20-120 ℃	dn_x/dT	0.60868	1.26368	1.05624	0.19583	[13]
	dn_y/dT	0.63935	1.31762	1.08950	0.24079
	dn_z/dT	0.63141	1.30790	1.08486	0.20758

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients d_ij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where d_ij is in pm/V

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Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients d_ij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where d_ij is in pm/V

Tensor component	Theory: converted to xyz (assumption)	Maker fringes：converted to xyz	OPO laser experiment, in xyz	Phase-matched SHG, in xyz
d₂₁＝d₁₆	＋5.2	opposite sign to d_23,d₃₄	comparable to d₂₃；lager than d₁₅；same sign to d₂₃	5.3 ± 0.8
d₂₂	＋18.2	±24.3±1.5	-	6.2 ± 0.9
d₂₃＝d₃₄	－20.6	±20.4±1.5	-	－14.2±0.8
d₃₁＝d₁₅	＋14.3	-	-	＋2.0±0.3
d₃₂＝d₂₄	－15.2	-	-	－5.0±0.4
d₃₃	－2.2	-	-	-
Ref.	[7]	[14]	[16]	[15，17]

Table 4. Laser damage threshold measurements of BGSe

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Table 4. Laser damage threshold measurements of BGSe

Test condition				Laser damage threshold		Ref.
Wavelength of light source /μm	Pulse width τ /ns	Beam diameter /mm	Repeat frequency f_rep /Hz	F_th /(J·cm^－1)	I_th /(MW·cm^－1)	Ref.
1.064	5	0.4	1	2.8	557	[19]
2.09	27		500	3.3	122.2	[20]
1.064	14	～4	100	1.4	100	[16]
1.053	16	0.2	100	2.04±0.39	254.6	[21]
			150	2.02 ±0.31	252
			200	1.81±0.25	225.6
1.053	7.2±0.4	0.15－0.16	100	2.30	319	[22]
	8.3±0.5		500	1.75	211
	10.0±0.3		1000	1.56	156

Table 5. Recent progress in laser frequency conversion experiment of BGSe crystal

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Table 5. Recent progress in laser frequency conversion experiment of BGSe crystal

Type of experiment	Pump source	Output wavelength	Maximum input-output energy or power	Ref.
OPO	1.064 μm, 10 ns, 10 Hz	814 μm	40 mJ@1 μm→1.05 mJ@11 μm	[25]
OPO	1.064 μm, 11 ns, 20 Hz	3.34.1 μm	101.3 mJ@1 μm→21.5 mJ@3.8 μm	[24]
OPO	2.09 μm, 16 ns, 1 kHz	89 μm	9.58 W@2.09 μm→0.314 W@8.93 μm	[26]
OPO	2.09 μm, 28 ns, 1 kHz	35 μm	28 W@2 μm→ 5.1 W@4 μm	[27]
OPO	1.064 μm, 10 ns, 10 Hz	2.717 μm	61 mJ@1 μm→3.7 mJ@7.2 μm	[16]
OPO	2.79 μm, 21 ns, 10 Hz	3.949.55 μm	18 mJ@2.79 μm→3.5 mJ@5.03 μm	[28]
DFG	850 nm, 50 kHz	3.157.92 μm	1.5 W@850 nm→1.41 μW@5 μm	[29]

Table 6. Comparison of main properties between BGSe crystal and common infrared nonlinear optical crystals

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Table 6. Comparison of main properties between BGSe crystal and common infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Crystal	AGS	AGSe	CdSe	ZGP	BGSe
Nonlinear coefficient /(pm·V^－1)	13	33	18	72	31.5
Laser damage threshold	Low	Low	Low	High	Very high
Pump source /μm^*	12	1.52	2	2	13
Output wavelength range /μm^*	39	315	318	39	315
Output line width /nm	10	10	10	150	10
Melting point /℃	993	860	1350	1025	1020
Phase transition	No	No	Yes	No	No
Thermal conductivity /(W·m^－1·K^－1)	1.5	1	6.5	36	0.7
Electron beam irradiation	No	No	No	Yes	No
Ref.	[32]	[33]	[34]	[34]	[7]

Table 7. Representative laser output results of commonly used infrared nonlinear optical crystals

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Table 7. Representative laser output results of commonly used infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Crystal	Type of experiment	Pump source / μm	Output wavelength / μm	Maximum output energy or power	Ref.
AGS	OPO	1.064	2.355.27	21 mJ@1 μm→0.58 mJ@4 μm	[35]
AGS	DFG	0.780	512.5	40 mW@0.780 μm→66 nW@8.06 μm	[36]
AGSe	OPO	1.57	48	12 mW@1.57 μm→0.8 mW @4.11 μm	[37]
AGSe	DFG	1.97	618	30 mJ@1.06 μm→0.34 mJ@9 μm	[38]
CdSe	OPO	2.097	10.512	18.2W@2.097 μm→0.8 W@11 μm	[34]
ZGP	OPA	2.097	35	120 W@2.097 μm→102 W@3.92 μm	[39]
ZGP	OPA	2.097	4.38.3	116 W@2.097 μm→11.4 W@ 8.3 μm	[40]

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Xianghe Meng, Zhuang Li, Jiyong Yao. Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa₄Se₇[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(1): 0101005

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Paper Information

Category: laser devices and laser physics

Received: Aug. 18, 2021

Accepted: Oct. 21, 2021

Published Online: Dec. 30, 2021

The Author Email: Yao Jiyong (jyao@mail.ipc.ac.cn)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202249.0101005

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of ni2＝A1i＋A2i/(λ2－A3i)＋ A4i/(λ2－A5i) in Refs. [8-10] and ni2＝A1i＋A2i/(λ2－A3i)－A4iλ2 in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of ni2＝A1i＋A2i/(λ2－A3i)＋ A4i/(λ2－A5i) in Refs. [8-10] and ni2＝A1i＋A2i/(λ2－A3i)－A4iλ2 in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dni/dT＝(B1iλ－3－B2iλ－2＋B3iλ－1＋B4i)×10－4 (℃－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dni/dT＝(B1iλ－3－B2iλ－2＋B3iλ－1＋B4i)×10－4 (℃－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients dij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where dij is in pm/V

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients dij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where dij is in pm/V

Table 4. Laser damage threshold measurements of BGSe

Table 4. Laser damage threshold measurements of BGSe

Table 5. Recent progress in laser frequency conversion experiment of BGSe crystal

Table 5. Recent progress in laser frequency conversion experiment of BGSe crystal

Table 6. Comparison of main properties between BGSe crystal and common infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Table 6. Comparison of main properties between BGSe crystal and common infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Table 7. Representative laser output results of commonly used infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Table 7. Representative laser output results of commonly used infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)＋ A_4i/(λ²－A_5i) in Refs. [8-10] and $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)－A_4iλ² in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)＋ A_4i/(λ²－A_5i) in Refs. [8-10] and $n_{i}^{2}$ ＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)－A_4iλ² in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dn_i/dT＝(B_1iλ^－3－B_2iλ^－2＋B_3iλ^－1＋B_4i)×10^－4 (℃^－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dn_i/dT＝(B_1iλ^－3－B_2iλ^－2＋B_3iλ^－1＋B_4i)×10^－4 (℃^－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients d_ij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where d_ij is in pm/V

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients d_ij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where d_ij is in pm/V