Fig. 1. Overall workflow diagram of this experiment: (a) parallax image acquisition and synthesis; (b) proposed end-to-end optimization method workflow; and (c) optical reconstruction.

Fig. 2. Imaging process of an actual optical system.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the light intensity distribution at different field points on the image plane.

Fig. 4. Pre-correction network structure.

Fig. 5. All 36 subsections of an EI and its corresponding diffractive lens unit.

Fig. 6. Experimental results with end-to-end optimization: (a) diffractive element profile; (b) loss curve during training; and (c) PSF of nine fields of view, in logarithmic scale.

Fig. 7. Experimental results without pre-correction network: (a) diffractive element profile; (b) loss curve during training; and (c) PSF of nine fields of view, in logarithmic scale.

Fig. 8. Simulation results for different viewing positions (with multiple PSFs): (a) original scene; (b) simulation results without pre-correction network; and (c) simulation results with end-to-end optimization.

Fig. 9. Simulation results for different viewing positions (with a single PSF): (a) original scene; (b) simulation results without pre-correction network; and (c) simulation results with end-to-end optimization.