Classification and Recognition of Disposable Masks Based on Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Jinkun Liu; Chunyu Li; Hang Lü; Weigang Kong; Wei Sun; Gefei Zhang

doi:10.3788/LOP202158.1630004

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 58, Issue 16, 1630004(2021)

Classification and Recognition of Disposable Masks Based on Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Jinkun Liu¹, Chunyu Li^1、*, Hang Lü¹, Weigang Kong², Wei Sun¹, and Gefei Zhang¹

Author Affiliations

¹School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China

²Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Public Security Bureau, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China

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Abstract Get PDF(in Chinese)

Figures & Tables(15)

Fig. 1. Appearances of masks under different magnifications. (a) 5×; (b) 20×; (c) 50×; (d) 100×

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Fig. 2. Mask spectra obtained by different wavelength lasers

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Fig. 3. Experimental results of reproducibility and uniformity of mask samples. (a) Reproducibility experiment; (b) uniformity experiment

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Fig. 4. Raman spectrum processing results of 37 mask samples

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Fig. 5. Flow chart of the mask classification model based on Raman spectroscopy

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Fig. 6. Visualization of the PCA

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Fig. 7. Characteristic peaks of the Raman spectrum of the mask. (a) 8^#, 10^#, 14^#, 16^#; (b) 1^#, 2^#, 19^#, 31^#, 33^#; (c) 3^#, 12^#, 13^#, 35^#; (d) 21^#, 25^#, 29^#, 30^#

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Fig. 8. Prediction results of the SVM model. (a) Train set; (b) test set

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Fig. 9. Prediction results of the Bayesian discriminant analysis model. (a) Train set; (b) test set

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Fig. 10. Relationship between iteration times and cross entropy

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Table 1. Sample parameters of the disposable protective masks

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Table 1. Sample parameters of the disposable protective masks

Label	Brand	Manufacturer
1	Xuancheng mask	Rizhao Nuohuan Protective Equipment Co., Ltd
2	Huian mask	Zhangjiagang Meibaiqi Trade Co., Ltd
3	ShengWang mask	Xiantao Siqi Protective Equipment Co., Ltd
4	JiaBoNeng mask	Guangdong Dongwan Yian labor protection products Co., Ltd
…	…	…
33	Huian mask	Suzhou Lotte Protective Equipment Co., Ltd
34	ZHICHANG mask	Nanchang of Jiangxi Province
35	Sanbang mask	Foshan Nanhai Weijian Sanbang Protective Equipment Technology Co., Ltd
36	Taibang mask	Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd
37	3M mask	3M China Ltd

Table 2. Contribution rate of the PCA characteristic variance

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Table 2. Contribution rate of the PCA characteristic variance

PC	Eigenvalue	Variance /%	Cumulative variance /%
1	18.80335	49.02	49.02
2	13.85901	36.13	85.15
3	2.36197	6.16	91.31
4	1.76937	4.61	95.92
5	1.06630	2.78	98.70
6	0.13423	0.35	99.05
7	0.09534	0.25	99.30
8	0.06265	0.16	99.46
9	0.03321	0.09	99.55
10	0.02942	0.08	99.63
11	0.02400	0.06	99.69
12	0.02108	0.05	99.74
13	0.01752	0.05	99.79
14	0.01311	0.03	99.82
15	0.01148	0.03	99.85
16	0.01001	0.03	99.88
17	0.00800	0.02	99.90
18	0.00729	0.02	99.92
19	0.00525	0.01	99.93
20	0.00471	0.01	99.95
21	0.00387	0.01	99.96
22	0.00341	0.01	99.97
23	0.00250	0.01	99.97
24	0.00202	0.01	99.98
25	0.00168	0.00	99.98
26	0.00142	0.00	99.99
27	0.00116	0.00	99.99
28	0.00090	0.00	99.99
29	0.00084	0.00	99.99
30	0.00063	0.00	99.99
31	0.00060	0.00	100.00

Table 3. Mask classification results based on PCA and Raman spectra

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Table 3. Mask classification results based on PCA and Raman spectra

Class	Sample number
1	1^#、2^#、19^#
2	31^#
3	33^#
4	14^#
5	4^#、7^#、8^#、9^#、10^#、11^#、16^#、17^#、18^#、20^#、22^#、23^#、26^#、27^#、29^#、34^#、37^#
6	3^#、5^#、6^#、12^#、13^#、15^#、21^#、24^#、25^#、28^#、30^#、32^#、35^#、36^#

Table 4. Influence of different kernel functions on the SVM model
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Table 4. Influence of different kernel functions on the SVM model
Kernel function type Training set accuracy /% Test set accuracy /% Run time /s
Linear 50.0 28.6 5
Polynomial 46.5 42.9 10
RBF 93.3 100.0 20
Sigmoid 96.7 85.0 15

Table 5. Bayesian discriminant function of mask samples

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Table 5. Bayesian discriminant function of mask samples

Function	Eigenvalue	Variance /%	Cumulative variance /%	Canonical correlation	Function test	Wilks’lambda
1	15064.487	66.2	66.2	1	1--5	0.00
2	6222.540	27.4	93.6	1	2--5	0.00
3	1303.951	5.7	99.3	1	3--5	0.00
4	126.670	0.6	99.9	0.996	4--5	0.00
5	24.217	0.1	100	0.980	5	0.04

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Jinkun Liu, Chunyu Li, Hang Lü, Weigang Kong, Wei Sun, Gefei Zhang. Classification and Recognition of Disposable Masks Based on Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(16): 1630004

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