Fig. 1. (Color online) The four operating modes of traditional TENG and six operating modes of SDC-TENG^{[16, 17]}. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2014, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021，Elsevier Ltd).

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Diagram of the MoS₂-based SDC-TENG^[26]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society). (b) Energy band illustration of P-Si/N-Si^[23]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, Elsevier Ltd). (c) Dynamic perovskite/hole transport layer heterojunction diagram and I−V curve of dynamic sliding contact between FAPbl₃ perovskite and spiral layer^[29]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry). (d) Band diagram of CsFAMA/PEDOT:PSS before contact, after contact, and sliding^[30]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd). (e) Schematic diagrams of the circuit to measure the electrical characteristics of the SDC-TENG^[31].

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) Energy band diagram of the M−S junction in equilibrium states^[32]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA). (b) Schematic diagram of the windmill DC-TENG for wind energy harvesting^[33]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd). (c) Structural and electric output performance of FTVNG^[34]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, WILEY-VCH GmbH). (d) Structure illustration of metal/perovskite-based DC-TENG^[35]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, WILEY-VCH GmbH). (e) Schematics of the Ti/D-GaN HEMT DC-TENG. Demonstration of powering a digital watch^[36]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, AIP Publishing).

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Diagram illustration of C-AFM performance^[37]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, Elsevier). (b) Schematics of the KPFM study of triboelectric charge accumulation^[41]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Schematics of the dynamic black phosphorus/Si junction^[25]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, Science and Technology Review Publishing House). (b) Band diagram of p-type Si/MoS₂ junction^[26]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society).

Fig. 6. (Color online) (a) Friction voltage test and setting speed of the external circuit when droplets are in static contact^[48]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd). (b) Working mechanism of F-LIG-based DEG^[49]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH).

Fig. 7. (Color online) (a) The schematic of a dynamic liquid−semiconductor junction generator^[54]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Science and Technology Review Publishing House). (b) Schematic of the operating principle of SLSDC-TVNG^[56]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2024, AIP Publishing).

Fig. 8. (Color online) (a) AFM topographic image of three adjacent MoS₂ crystal grains^[66]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, Macmillan Publishers Limited). (b) Schematic illustration of the tribovoltaic effect^[77]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society).

Fig. 9. (Color online) (a) Vibrational energy harvesting for TENG^[82]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2013, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH). (b) Water wave energy harvesting TENG^[83]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society). (c) Raindrop energy harvesting TENG^[84]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2014, Elsevier). (d) Harvesting mechanical energy to power electronic devices^[85]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier). (e) Wireless environment monitoring network based on wind power generation^[86]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd). (f) Walking kinetic energy collection friction power generation device^{[87, 88]}. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2015, Nature Research. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Research). (g) Wind power generation TENG based on independent layer array^[89]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH GmbH). (h) DC power generation mode body sliding energy collection^{[90, 91]}. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, The American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, Wiley). (i) Single fiber wiper friction nanogenerator for body kinetic energy harvesting, including skin core coating, spiral winding^[92−94]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society).