Homicide among Indigenous females in North Carolina: a comparison of publicly generated data and violent death reporting system

Muhammad Hudhud; Scott Proescholdbell; Tammy Norwood; Crystal Cavalier-Keck; Ronny A. Bell

doi:10.1093/fsr/owad057

Forensic Sciences Research, Volume. 9, Issue 1, owad057(2024)

Homicide among Indigenous females in North Carolina: a comparison of publicly generated data and violent death reporting system

Muhammad Hudhud^1、*, Scott Proescholdbell², Tammy Norwood², Crystal Cavalier-Keck³, and Ronny A. Bell⁴

Author Affiliations

¹Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina – Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

²Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA

³Missing and Murdered Indigenous Coalition of North Carolina, NC, USA

⁴Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina – Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

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Fig. 1. A visualization of the cases identified in North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System (NC-VDRS) and the North Carolina Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW NC) database.

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Muhammad Hudhud, Scott Proescholdbell, Tammy Norwood, Crystal Cavalier-Keck, Ronny A. Bell. Homicide among Indigenous females in North Carolina: a comparison of publicly generated data and violent death reporting system[J]. Forensic Sciences Research, 2024, 9(1): owad057

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: Mar. 21, 2023

Accepted: Oct. 16, 2023

Published Online: Sep. 22, 2025

The Author Email: Muhammad Hudhud (mhudhud@unc.edu)

DOI:10.1093/fsr/owad057

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