On-chip integrated few-mode erbium–ytterbium co-doped waveguide amplifiers

Xiwen He; Deyue Ma; Chen Zhou; Mingyue Xiao; Weibiao Chen; Zhiping Zhou

doi:10.1364/PRJ.516242

Photonics Research, Volume. 12, Issue 5, 1067(2024)

On-chip integrated few-mode erbium–ytterbium co-doped waveguide amplifiers

Xiwen He^1,2、†, Deyue Ma^1,2、†, Chen Zhou^1,3, Mingyue Xiao⁴, Weibiao Chen^1,2, and Zhiping Zhou^1,5、*

¹Aerospace Laser Technology and Systems Department, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

⁴School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China

⁵State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the on-chip FM-EYCDWA.

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$Relationship between waveguide width and effective refractive index at different wavelength. (a) 1550 nm. (b) 980 nm.$

Fig. 2. Relationship between waveguide width and effective refractive index at different wavelength. (a) 1550 nm. (b) 980 nm.

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Fig. 3. (a) 3D schematic of the proposed MUX, (b) top view of the proposed PBS at the 1550 nm wavelength, and (c) top view of the ADC at the 980 nm wavelength. (d)–(f) Light propagation of (d) TE0-TE0, (e) TM0-TM1-TM0, and (f) TE0-TE1 in the corresponding coupler at 1550 nm wavelength.

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Fig. 4. (a) 3D schematic of the proposed PR. (b), (c) Light propagation profiles for the PR at 1550 nm wavelength for (b) TE0 mode and (c) TM0 mode.

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Fig. 5. Calculated IL and CT at wavelengths from 1500 nm to 1600 nm. (a) TE0-TE0, (b) TE0-TM0, (c) TM0-TM1-TM0, and (d) TE0-TE1.

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Fig. 6. Light propagation of (a) TE0-TE0 and (b) TE0-TE1 in the corresponding coupler at 980 nm wavelength.

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Fig. 7. Calculated IL and CT at wavelengths from 930 nm to 1030 nm. (a) TE0-TE1 and (b) TE0-TM0.

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Fig. 8. Diagram of the designed eccentric waveguide structure.

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Fig. 9. Fabrication processes for an FM-EYCDWA.

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Fig. 10. (a) Gain characteristics under different length. (b) Gain characteristics under different pump power.

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Fig. 11. (a) Gain characteristics under co-propagating pumping. (b) Gain characteristics under co-propagating pumping and eccentric design.

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Table 1. Parameter Values Used for Modeling

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Table 1. Parameter Values Used for Modeling

Parameter	Symbol	Value
${Er}^{3 +}$ concentration	$N_{Er}$	$1.644 \times 10^{27} m^{- 3}$
${Yb}^{3 +}$ concentration	$N_{Yb}$	$1.644 \times 10^{27} m^{- 3}$
${Er}^{3 +}$ absorption cross section at 1530 nm	$σ_{12}$	$5.051 \times 10^{- 25} m^{2}$
${Er}^{3 +}$ emission cross section at 1530 nm	$σ_{21}$	$7.303 \times 10^{- 25} m^{2}$
${Er}^{3 +}$ absorption cross section at 980 nm	$σ_{13}$	$7.028 \times 10^{- 25} m^{2}$
${Er}^{3 +}$ emission cross section at 980 nm	$σ_{31}$	$1.251 \times 10^{- 25} m^{2}$
${Yb}^{3 +}$ absorption cross section at 980 nm	$σ_{12}^{Yb}$	$1.0 \times 10^{- 24} m^{2}$
${Yb}^{3 +}$ emission cross section at 980 nm	$σ_{21}^{Yb}$	$1.0 \times 10^{- 24} m^{2}$
${Er}^{3 +}$ lifetime at ${{}^{4}I}_{11 / 2}$ level	$τ_{32}$	2 μs
${Er}^{3 +}$ lifetime at ${{}^{4}I}_{13 / 2}$ level	$τ_{21}$	4.23 ms
${Yb}^{3 +}$ lifetime	$τ_{21}^{Yb}$	1.1 ms
Pump wavelength	$λ_{p}$	980 nm
Signal wavelength	$λ_{s}$	1530 nm
Propagation loss of the pump laser	$α_{p}$	1 dB/cm
Propagation loss of the signal laser	$α_{s}$	1 dB/cm

Table 2. Overlap Integral Factors of Various Signal and Pump Modes
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Table 2. Overlap Integral Factors of Various Signal and Pump Modes
Pump
Overlap Factors ${TE}_{0}$ ${TM}_{0}$ ${TE}_{1}$ ${TM}_{1}$ ${TE}_{2}$
Signal ${TE}_{0}$ 0.9889 0.9928 0.8776 0.8522 0.8773
${TM}_{0}$ 0.9603 0.9749 0.8623 0.8484 0.8608
${TE}_{1}$ 0.8600 0.8714 0.9817 0.9818 0.8967

Table 3. Corrected Mode Field Confinement Factors
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Table 3. Corrected Mode Field Confinement Factors
$Γ_{i}^{'}$ Without DMG Equalization Co-Propagating Pumping Co-Propagating Pumping and Eccentric Waveguide Design
${TE}_{0}$ 0.8846 0.8061 0.6015
${TM}_{0}$ 0.7807 0.7196 0.6016
${TE}_{1}$ 0.7347 0.7981 0.5998

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Xiwen He, Deyue Ma, Chen Zhou, Mingyue Xiao, Weibiao Chen, Zhiping Zhou, "On-chip integrated few-mode erbium–ytterbium co-doped waveguide amplifiers," Photonics Res. 12, 1067 (2024)

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