Fig. 1. Schematic of metal-dielectric interface

Fig. 2. Nanoparticle SPP laser. (a) Structural diagram of hybrid nanoparticle; (b) transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of Au core; (c) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Au/silica/dye core-shell; (d) surface plasmon mode; (e) spectroscopic results

Fig. 3. Deep subwavelength SPP laser. (a) Structural diagram of device (Ag/MgF2/CdS); (b) stimulated electric field distribution of hybrid plasmonic mode

Fig. 4. Nanorod SPP laser. (a) Structural diagram of device (Ag/SiO2/InGaN/GaN); (b) SEM image of cross section of nanorod; (c) scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and TEM images of nanorod

Fig. 5. Plasmonic ultraviolet laser. (a) Dispersion curve of SPP modes of Al-based nanolaser; (b) dispersion curve of SPP modes of Ag-based nanolaser; (c)(d) electric field distributions of SPP modes inside nanolasers

Fig. 6. Single-mode elliptical laser at room temperature. (a) Structural diagram of device; (b) SEM image of InGaN/GaN nanorod; (c) stimulated electric field distribution of above structure; (d) PL spectra under different optical pumping intensities (inset: FWHM of dominant lasing peak at 490 nm and corresponding L-L curve)

Fig. 7. Elliptical multimode laser at room temperature. (a) Structural diagram of device; (b) SEM image of InGaN/GaN nanorod; stimulated electric field distributions of (c) plasmonic mode and (d) HE11 mode; (e) PL spectra under different optical pumping intensities (inset: corresponding L-L curve and FWHM of lasing peak at 493 nm)

Fig. 8. Cryogenic electrically-pumped cylindrical metal nano-cavity laser. (a) Structural diagram of device; (b) SEM image of nanocolumn; (c) optical field distribution in laser

Fig. 9. Optically-pumped cylindrical metal nano-cavity laser at room temperature. (a) Structural diagram of device; (b) cross-sectional view of TE012 electric field mode

Fig. 10. Structure of plasmonic nanoparticle cavity. (a) Structural diagram of nanodisk/nanoparticle structure; (b) schematic of silver hole (corresponding to glass, InP disk, and silver from top to bottom); (c) SEM image of InP disk on glass before silver plating; (d) SEM image of silver film separated from disk

Fig. 11. Structure and mode distributions of nanopatch semiconductor laser. (a) Structural diagram of metal-dielectric nanopatch semiconductor laser; (b) SEM image of device; (c) mode field profile for electrical dipole mode (TM111); (d) mode field profile for second-order magnetic dipole mode (TE011)

Fig. 12. Metal-dielectric-metal structure nanolaser. (a) Schematic of InP substrate-medium-metal ridge-like nanolaser; (b) spectra and near field patterns of laser, (inset: emission spectra for pump currents of 20(1), 40(2), and 60(3) μA at 78 K)

Fig. 13. Si waveguide coupled metal-clad nanolaser cavity. (a) Perspective; (b)(c) cross-sectional diagrams

Fig. 14. Graphene nanolaser. (a) Two-dimensional structure of SPP waveguide; (b) electric distribution of laser

Fig. 15. Room-temperature SPP laser based on W-G effect. (a) Schematic of room-temperature SPP laser; (b) electric-field-intensity distribution of TM mode in x and y direction; (c) electric field distribution of asymmetric structure laser mode; (d) laser spectra and optical pumping response (curves 1, 2 and 3 correspond to spontaneous emission, amplified spontaneous emission, and full laser oscillation, respectively); (e) laser spectra and integrated light-pump response of anti-symmetric structure (curve

Fig. 16. Inverted-wedge silica resonator. (a) Structural diagram of resonator; (b) magnified diagram of cross-section of edge; (c)-(i) energy density distributions of different whispering gallery modes in microcavities with rt=30 μm and hg=2 μm

Fig. 17. Metal-clad microcapillary. (a) Structural diagram of dielectric microcapillary; (b) resonant wavelength and (c) Q factor of each mode in MCM structure versus silica wall thickness ds