Fig. 1. Flowchart

Fig. 2. Frame of CASA model

Fig. 3. MODIS EVI curves before and after S-G filter at Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Fig. 4. (a) Validation of extracted winter wheat areas during 2000—2015, and (b) spatial distribution of extracted winter wheat in 2013
Area_Sta: winter wheat areas from statistical yearbooks;Area_Est: the winter wheat area extracted in this paper

Fig. 5. Comparison between estimated and statistical yields
Yield_Sta: yields from statistical yearbooks;Yield_Est: estimated yields in this paper

Fig. 6. The change trend of winter wheat yield based on (a) estimated results in this paper and (b) statistical yield from yearbooks
Yield_Sta: yields from statistical yearbooks;Yield_Est: estimated yields in this paper

Fig. 7. Distribution of estimated winter wheat yield in each year (a—q) and the average (r)
The planted winter wheat areas in 2011 and 2015 are used to be as those in 2012 and 2016, respectively