Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 49, Issue 5, 0507101(2022)
Recent Progress in Photodynamic Therapy: From Fundamental Research to Clinical Applications
Figures & Tables(12)
Table 1. Photosensitizers with clinical approval or under clinical trials
View tableTable 1. Photosensitizers with clinical approval or under clinical trials
Generation Photosensitizer Indication State First Photofrin® (Porfimer sodium) Esophageal cancer, lung cancer, microinvasive endobronchial cancer, gastric and papillary bladder, cervical dysplasia, and cancer Clinically approved HiPorfin Esophageal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, oral cancer, and skin cancer Hemoporfin Port wine stain Second Foscan® (Temoporfin) Approved: head and neck cancer Clinically approved Preclinical testing: breast and pancreatic cancer Visudyne® (Verteporfin) Age-related macular degeneration Laserphyrin®/NPe6/Talaporfin (Chlorin m-THPC) Approved: early lung cancer Clinical trials: hepatocellular cancer and liver metastasis Levulan® (Protoporphyrin) Actinic keratosis Metvix®/Metvixia® (Protoporphyrin) Actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma Photochlor (HPPH) BCC, lung, head, and neck cancers Ameluz®/Levulan®(5-ALA) Approved: actinic keratosis Clinical trials: brain 5-ALA Condyloma acuminatum Tookad® (Pheophorbides) Prostate cancer Redaporfin® Biliary tract cancer, head, and neck Purlytin® Metastatic breast, cancer, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, and basal cell carcinomas Under clinical trials Lutrin® and Lutex® (metalloporphyrins) Clinicaltrials: recurrent prostate cancer and cervical cancer Preclinical testing: recurrent breast cancer Photrex Age-related macular degeneration Antrin Coronary artery disease Fotolon Nasopharyngeal and sarcoma Radachlorin Skin diseases Hypericin Bladder cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer Chalcogenopyrylium dyes Prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer Phenothiazinium dye-methylene Blue Bladder cancer, colon cancer, and AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma Phenothiazinium dye-Nile blue and derivatives AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and T-cell leukemia Phenothiazinium dye-toluidine Blue Bladder cancer and mouse mammary sarcoma Cyanines Leukemia and lymphoma ADPM06 Breast cancer and mouse lung cancer Photocynine Esophageal carcinoma DVDMS Esophageal cancer Third Functional photosensitizer Being developed
Table 2. Irradiation sources for PDT and their wavelengths
View tableTable 2. Irradiation sources for PDT and their wavelengths
Irradiation source Mechanical wave X-ray UV Visible light (400700 nm) NIR-Ⅰ (700900 nm) NIR-Ⅱ (10001700 nm) Day-light √ √ √ √ Broad-spectrum lamp √ √ √ √ Laser √ √ √ √ LED √ √ √ √ Self-excitation source √ √ X-ray source √ Acoustic wave source √
Table 3. Optical techniques for monitoring dosimetric parameters in PDT
View tableTable 3. Optical techniques for monitoring dosimetric parameters in PDT
Dosimetry model Dosimetric factor Optical technique Explicit dosimetry Photosensitizer Absorbance Absorption spectroscopy Concentration/distribution Fluorescence spectroscopy Hyperspectral imaging Irradiation light Fluence rate Flat and isotropic detectors Fluence Molecule oxygen Oxygen saturation Diffuse optical spectroscopy Spatial frequency domain imaging Oxygen partial pressure Oxygen-sensitive probes Implicit dosimetry Photosensitizer photobleaching Concentration/distribution Fluorescence spectroscopy Delayed fluorescence Biological response Cell death Apoptosis Molecular biomarkers Necrosis Paraptosis Autophagy Vascular damage Blood flow Laser Doppler flowmetry Laser Doppler imaging Laser speckle imaging Doppler OCT Photoacoustic imaging Blood vessel diameter Optical coherence tomography Spatial frequency domain imaging Reflectance confocal microscopy Immune modulation Molecular biomarkers Other indicator NADH fluorescence Fluorescence lifetime imaging Direct dosimetry Singlet oxygen Concentration/distribution, Time-resolved luminescence Chemical probes
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Buhong Li, Tianlong Chen, Li Lin, Bing Chen, Haixia Qiu, Ying Gu. Recent Progress in Photodynamic Therapy: From Fundamental Research to Clinical Applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(5): 0507101
Paper Information
Received: Jan. 1, 2022
Accepted: Jan. 27, 2022
Published Online: Mar. 9, 2022
The Author Email: Li Buhong (bhli@fjnu.edu.cn)
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