Research Progress on Electric Field Sensors Based on the Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Effect (Invited)

Shiyao Deng; Jiahao Peng; Libo Wang; Runhao Liu; Fangheng Fu; Huajiang Chen; Yuming Wei; Tiefeng Yang; Heyuan Guan; Huihui Lu

doi:10.3788/LOP232630

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 11, 1116009(2024)

Research Progress on Electric Field Sensors Based on the Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Effect (Invited)

Shiyao Deng¹, Jiahao Peng¹, Libo Wang², Runhao Liu², Fangheng Fu¹, Huajiang Chen¹, Yuming Wei¹, Tiefeng Yang², Heyuan Guan^2、*, and Huihui Lu^1、**

Author Affiliations

¹Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China

²Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China

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Figures & Tables(8)

Fig. 1. Rydberg atomic energy level and EIT-AT effect^[31]

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Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of lithium niobate in different tangential directions. (a) y-cut lithium niobate crystal; (b) z-cut lithium niobate crystal; (c) x-cut lithium niobate crystal

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of structure of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of resonance peak drift

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Fig. 5. Structural diagram of lithium niobate bulk crystal electric field sensor. (a) Structural diagram of antenna array electric field sensor^[57]; (b) structural diagram of two-dimensional optical electric field sensor^[58]; (c) structural diagram of push-pull optical electric field sensor^[59]; (d) structural diagram of asymmetric MZI electric field sensor with two arms with different widths^[62]

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Fig. 6. Structural diagram of thin film lithium niobate electric field sensor. (a) Structural diagram of gap Bragg grating^[70]; (b) optical fiber end connected to photons crystal plate structure diagram and photonic crystal shape^[72]; (c) structural diagram of all-dielectric two-dimensional electric field sensor^[75]; (d) structural diagram of LF optical electric field sensor^[78]

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Table 1. Performance comparison of different electric field sensors of lithium niobate bulk crystal type

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Table 1. Performance comparison of different electric field sensors of lithium niobate bulk crystal type

Reference	Year	Sensitivity	Linear dynamic range	Frequency response range	Size
［46］	2006	‒	$0.05 ‒ 5.60 k V / c m$	‒	$20.0 m m \times 7.8 m m \times 1.0 m m$
［47］	2009	$0.12 m V / H z^{1 / 2}$	‒	‒	‒
［48］	2009	$2.22 m V / m$	‒	$50.0 M H z ‒ 2.2 G H z$	‒
［49］	2011	‒	$20 ‒ 90 k V_{z z} / m$	To $1 M H z$	‒
［50］	2011	$14 V / m m$	‒	‒	‒
［51］	2012	$0.4 V / m$	$0.40 ‒ 18.48 V / m$	$10 k H z ‒ 18 G H z$	$85 m m \times 15 m m \times 15 m m$
［11］	2015	‒	$\pm 801 k V / m m$	$10 H z ‒ 10 M H z$	$65 m m \times 15 m m \times 15 m m$
［55］	2017	$427.2 V / m$	$2.2 ‒ 56.8 k V / m$	$100 k H z ‒ 1 G H z$	$10 c m \times 10 c m \times 10 c m$
［56］	2019	$43.1 m V / m$	‒	$100 k H z ‒ 1 G H z$	$85 m m \times 15 m m \times 10 m m$
［56］	2019	$57.9 m V / m$	‒	$100 k H z ‒ 1 G H z$	$< 85 m m \times 15 m m \times 10 m m$
［57］	2020	$245 m V / m$	$- 14.03 ‒ 20.97 d B V / m$	$100.0 k H z ‒ 26.5 G H z$	$55 m m \times 15 m m \times 15 m m$
［58］	2020	$5 k V / m$	‒	$100 k H z ‒ 1 G H z$	$78 m m \times 15 m m \times 10 m m$
［59］	2021	$12.5 V / m$	$47 d B$	$9 k H z ‒ 340 M H z$	$80 m m \times 15 m m \times 8 m m$
［60］	2021	$1.29 k V / m$	$1.29 ‒ 100.97 k V / m$	‒	$78 m m \times 18 m m \times 7.5 m m$
［61］	2022	$10.5 k V / m$	‒	‒	$87 m m \times 20 m m \times 20 m m$
［62］	2023	$10 V / m$	$\pm 25 k V / m$	‒	$65 m m \times 12 m m \times 5 m m$
［63］	2023	$16 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	$100 k H z ‒ 1 G H z$	$65 m m \times 12 m m \times 10 m m$
［64］	2023	$2.22 n m / E (V / μ m)$	$0 ‒ 1010 k V / m$	‒	‒

Table 2. Performance comparison of different electric field sensors based on thin film lithium niobate

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Table 2. Performance comparison of different electric field sensors based on thin film lithium niobate

Reference	Year	Sensitivity	Linear dynamic range	Frequency response range	Size
［68］	2012	$170 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	$1 H z ‒ 100 k H z$	$10 μ m \times 10 μ m^{}$
［69］	2012	$4.5 V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	‒	$20 μ m \times 20 μ m$
［41］	2016	$50 μ V / m$	‒	‒	$13.0 μ m \times 13.0 μ m \times 0.7 μ m$
［70］	2017	$23 m V / m$	‒	‒	$0.5 μ m \times 0.7 μ m \times 6 μ m$
［71］	2018	$0.5 V / m$	$90 d B$	$200 M H z ‒ 3 G H z$	$1.8 m m \times 2.8 m m^{}$
［72］	2019	$32 V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	$> 100 d B$	‒	$19 μ m \times 19 μ m$
［73］	2020	$25 μ V / m$	‒	‒	‒
［74］	2022	$80 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	‒	$3 m m \times 3 m m$
［75］	2022	$8.34 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	$4 ‒ 100 M H z$	$4.0 m m \times 3.8 m m$
［76］	2022	$8.8 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	$40 m V / m ‒ 28.6 k V / m$	$0.1 ‒ 26.5 G H z$	‒
［77］	2023	$2 m V / (m \cdot H z^{1 / 2})$	‒	‒	‒
［78］	2023	$1 m V / m$	$1.000 m V / m ‒ 5.012 k V / m$	$1 M H z ‒ 20 G H z$	$20 m m \times 5 m m \times 5 m m$
［79］	2023	‒	‒	$10 M H z ‒ 3 G H z$	$9.5 m m^{3}$
［80］	2023	$18.9 m V$	‒	‒	‒
［81］	2023	‒	$- 1.5 ‒ 1.5 k V / m$	‒	‒

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Shiyao Deng, Jiahao Peng, Libo Wang, Runhao Liu, Fangheng Fu, Huajiang Chen, Yuming Wei, Tiefeng Yang, Heyuan Guan, Huihui Lu. Research Progress on Electric Field Sensors Based on the Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Effect (Invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(11): 1116009

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Paper Information

Category: Materials

Received: Dec. 7, 2023

Accepted: Jan. 12, 2024

Published Online: Jun. 10, 2024

The Author Email: Heyuan Guan (thuihuilu@jnu.edu.cn), Huihui Lu (guanheyuan@jnu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/LOP232630

CSTR:32186.14.LOP232630

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology