Fig. 1. Three-dimensional spatial coordinate system of skylight polarization patterns

Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of scattering angle

Fig. 3. Q, U components and AOP, DOP at different height angles with a zimuth of 0°. (a) Q, U components and AOP, DOP; (b) Q, U components and AOP, DOP after considering multiple scattering

Fig. 4. Scattering phase function and polarization phase function of particles. (a) Scattering phase function; (b) polarized phase function

Fig. 5. Simulated and measured AOP of the dawn period when the sky is moonless

Fig. 6. Simulated and measured AOP of the twilight period when the sky is moonless

Fig. 7. Similarity curves during dawn and twilight when the sky is moonless. (a) Similarity curve during dawn; (b) similarity curve during twilight

Fig. 8. Images of skylight polarization patterns at some moments

Fig. 9. Measured and simulated AOP for some moments during twilight

Fig. 10. Changes in influence weight and similarity of twilight

Fig. 11. Measured and simulated AOP for some moments during dawn

Fig. 12. Changes in influence weight and smilarity of dawn