Fig. 1. Schematic of working principle of Hartmann wavefront sensor

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of optical layout of the OTF measurement system

Fig. 3. Equivalent optical path diagram of the system configuration

Fig. 4. Schematic of the calibration optical path for objective lens aberration

Fig. 5. Experimental setup for OTF measurement system

Fig. 6. Objective lens aberrations

Fig. 7. Lens aberrations at 0° field of view

Fig. 8. MTF of the lens at 0° field of view. (a) 3D MTF; MTF in (b) x direction, and (c) y direction

Fig. 9. MTF measurement results for different fields of view in (a) x direction and (b) y direction

Fig. 10. MTF performance characterization of the lens under different fields of view

Fig. 11. Defocus-dependent wavefront characterization. (a) Original wavefront and (b) defocus wavefront

Fig. 12. Aberration measurement results of the lens. (a) Total aberration, (b) astigmatism, (c) comma, and (d) spherical aberration

Fig. 13. Chromatic aberration measurement results. (a) Chromatic aberration at red, green, and blue wavelengths; (b) chromatic aberration with red/blue wavelengths shifted relative to the green

Fig. 14. Variation of d2 measurement error with focal length