Fig. 1. Structure of YOLOv8n algorithm

Fig. 2. Structure of improved YOLOv8n algorithm

Fig. 3. Structure of GAM

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of SPDConv when scale is 2

Fig. 5. Structure of SPD_C2f_GAM

Fig. 6. Structural of CAREFE

Fig. 7. Structure of PR-DyHead

Fig. 8. ReLU and PReLU function images. (a) ReLU function; (b) PReLU function

Fig. 9. Statistic on number of labels in each class on the dataset

Fig. 10. Detection effect comparison of different algorithms. (a) Original images; (b) detection results by YOLOv8n algorithm; (c) detection results by improved YOLOv8n algorithm