Fig. 1. Basic principle of ultrafast imaging based on spectral-temporal transform

Fig. 2. Generation of spectral-temporal transform detecting pulse by AOPDF^[19]. (a) Picosecond time scale detecting pulse modulated by AOPDF; (b) ps-ns cross-time-domain detecting pulse generation system

Fig. 3. Basic principle of free-space angular-chirp enhanced delay system^[38]

Fig. 4. Principle of “spectral shuttle” for nanosecond spectral-temporal transform detecting pulse generation^[40]

Fig. 5. Principle of “spectrum circuit bridging” for nanosecond spectral-temporal transform detecting pulse generation^[41]

Fig. 6. SMD system. (a)(b) Working principle of the SMD system^[18]; (c) periscopic light elevator array in SMD; (d) laser ablation (up) and lattice vibration (down) processes recorded by SMD

Fig. 7. SMD system based on “slicing mirror”^[42]. (a) Basic principle of operation of the system; (b) photograph of slicing mirror; (c) ultrafast plasma captured by the imaging system

Fig. 8. Spatial-spectral mapping system based on “spectral filtering”^[44]. (a) Principle of operation of the system; (b) static multi-spectral images; (c) plasma filamentation process

Fig. 9. Spatial-spectral mapping system based on IFS^[46]. (a) Principle of IFS; (b) micro lens array in IFS; (c) raw array images through the dispersion of the spatial sampling points; (d) laser ablation processe reconstructed from raw array image

Fig. 10. Ultrafast imaging system based on “pixelized filter arrangement”. (a) Scheme of the imaging system^[33]; (b) pixelized filter arrangement^[33]; (c) static spatial resolution demonstration^[33]; (d) laser ablation processes recorded^[48]

Fig. 11. “Single-shot Fourier transform tomography” (SS-FDT) ultrafast imaging method^[17]. (a) Principle and scheme; (b) spatial-temporal phase modification of the multi-angle detecting pulse; (c) ultrafast refractive index modification images reconstructed from Fig. 11 (b)

Fig. 12. “Compressed ultrafast spectral-temporal” (CUST) photography^[34]. (a) Scheme of the system; (b) laser pulse movement captured by CUST

Fig. 13. “High-channel spectral-temporal active recording” (H-STAR)^[35]. (a) Scheme of system; (b) Laser-induced plasma dynamics recorded by H-STAR

Fig. 14. “Polarization-resolved ultrafast mapping” (PUMP)^[58]. (a) Principle and scheme; (b) laser ablation dynamics of ITO film recorded by PUMP