In this paper, soybean seeds under artificial aging and natural aging conditions were studied by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the original spectra of soybean seeds under the two aging conditions were similar, and there were differences in the intensity of absorption peaks. In the second derivative infrared spectra, the change trend of substances in soybean seeds under artificial aging and natural aging conditions tends to be consistent. The absorption peak intensity of two kinds of aging soybean seeds increased with the increase of aging degree around 1747 and 1693 cm-1. The intensity of absorption peaks around 1660, 1549, and 1236 cm-1 showed a weakening trend overall. In the vicinity of 1610-1550 cm-1, the absorption peak intensity shows an increasing trend. The intensity of the absorption peak near 1150-1100 cm-1 shows a weakening trend, but there is a certain increase in the aging process. The results of two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy showed that the number and position of auto-peaks of unaged soybean seeds were the same, and the auto-peaks intensity changed. Under natural aging conditions, the number, intensity and location of auto-peaks of soybean seeds show obvious differences as the degree of aging deepens. As the aging degree of artificially aged soybean seeds deepens, the number and position of auto-peaks are not significantly different, and the intensity changes are more obvious. Lipid substances, amino acids and ketone/aldehyde substances all show an increasing trend during the aging process of soybean seeds, protein substances and sugar substances show a decreasing trend, alcohol substances and phenol substances change.The results of using infrared spectroscopy on soybean seeds under artificial aging and natural aging conditions show that infrared spectroscopy can quickly and conveniently study the spectral changes of two kinds of aging soybean seeds.